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HUMAN GEOGRAPHY- Placemaking (key idea- place is produced in a variety of…
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY- Placemaking (key idea- place is produced in a variety of ways at different scales)
The role of governments
in the Uk there is a hierarchy of government stretching from the national to local scale
National government represents a country as a place on the international stage.
government departments also also engage with foreign countries- e.g trade links are supported and military co-operation is organised. The British council is an organisation that specialises in promoting educational and cultural links abroad.
ATTRACTING FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
with the growth of TNCS in all sectors of the economy, governments around the globe have been keen to encourage inward investment by TNCs
CASE EXAMPLE; HITATCHI RAIL-in 2015, Hitachi Rail Europe opened a new manufacturing plant in Newton Aycliffe- this plant represents a £85 million flow of FDI from Japan to Uk. - employed over 700 people, economic improvement to newton Aycliffe
The role of planners and architects
architecture can make an important contribution to placemaking through the design of individual builidngs
'an efficient planning system and a good spatial plan are essential to achieving high-quality places and good design' - commission for architecture and the built environment (CABE)
local authorities in the uk maintain their own planning departments. they develop a plan for their local areas which includes elements of place such as industrial and housing developments, transport and amenities such as parks.
this strategy is important in placemaking as it sets the framework for for new buildings and uses of land.
individual buildings and public spaces are designed by architects.
through their design, buildings and places such as parks and squares, reflect the history and culture of place. moreover, they influence how lives are lived, meaning they make major contributions to placemaking.
historical impact of architects
in the period between 1950 and 1980 the UK faced a huge problem of a growing population but too few houses, as well as facing the problem that inner city housing was either destroyed or badly damaged due to aerial bombing during the war.
this housing crisis resulted in architects designing cheap, system built housing (with much of these being tower blocks of flats
these structures created places that often had a negative image, e.g Hulme in inner Manchester.
while many of the tower blocks have since been demolished and replaced with low rise housing, this has not solved the issues associated with these places- concerns such as unemplyment, poverty, education and health remain significant,
the 24 hour city
planners and architects are developing plans to to support and promote the 24 hour city.
in London, the night bus routes doubled between 1999 and 2013, and the passenger numbers tripled, by 2016, there were 123 bus routes operating at night, carrying 2.3 million passages annually, according to TFL.
from 2015, 5 underground lines have been operating 24 hours during the weekend. expansion of the nighttime service is planned for other lines such as the DLR.
in 2006, just six McDonald's were open overnight, but by 2015 this number was nearly 50.
increasingly gyms and hairdressers are open throughout the night, with much of this change being down to licensed premises being open until well after midnight .
the growth of around the clock activity is partly due to population change and growth in international tourism
The role of local community
in some locations, residents associations have been in existence since the end of the 19th century. however, the majority came into existence when urban areas were rapidly expanding in the 1920s and 30s.
residents associations tend to be concerned with housing, community and environmental matters. these are important at a local scale.
heritage associations can also be active in the placemaking process, when there is a distinguishing character based off of the survival of past characterisitcs.
most of these are NGOs like the national trust.
their contribution to placemaking is seen in the ways in which both physical elements such as buildings, machinery or clothes and human characters such as ways of living and working are preserved.