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Distributed Systems, Remote Procedure Call, Distributed Object Technology,…
Distributed Systems
Issues
Concurrency
Heterogeneity
Transparency
Access Transparency
Location Transparency
Migration Transparency
Relocation Transparency
Replication Transparency
Concurrency Transparency
Failure Transparency
Performance Transparency
Scaling Transparency
Scalability
Scalable respect to its Size
Geographically Scalable
Administratively Scalabe
Openness
Security
Failure Handling
Reliability
Models of Middleware
Hybrid Model
Examples
Super-Peer Model
Edge-Server Model
Horizontal Distribution Model
Peer-to-peer model
vertical distribution model
client server model
Goals
Resource Sharing
Openness
Transparency
Access.
Failure
Concurrency
Replication
Relocation
Migration
Location
Scalability
Architectures
Physical Model
Architectural Model
Client Server Model
Peer to Peer Model
Fundamental Model
Interaction Model
Fault Model
Security Model
Types of DS
Distributed Computing Systems
Cluster Computing Systems
Grid Computing Sysems
Distributed Information Systems
Transaction Processing Systems
Enterprise Application Integration
Distributed Pervasive Systems
Home Systems
Electronic Health Care Systems
Sensor Networks
Hardware Concepts
Multi Processors
Switch-Based
Bus-Based
Multi Computers
Bus-Based
Switch-Based
Software Concepts
Tightly Coupled Systems
Distributed Operating System
Multi-processor Operating System
Multi-Computer Operating System
Loosely Coupled Systems
Network Operating System
Limitation
Absence of a Global Clock
Absence of Shared Memory
Communications
Inter Process Communication (IPC)
Types
Synchronous Communication
Asynchronous Communication
Transient Communication
Persistence Communication
Technique
Remote Procedure Call (RPC)
Features
a. Simple call syntax.
b. Familiar semantics.
c. Ease of use.
d. Generality.
e. Efficiency.
Model contains:
Client-Machine:
Client
Client Stub
RPC Runtime
Server-Machine:
Server
Server Stub
RPC Runtime
Call Semantics
Possibly or May-Be Call Semantics
Last Once Call Semantics
Last Many Call Semantics
Atleast Once Call Semantics
Exactly Once Call Semantics
Parameter Passing
Call by Value
Call by reference
Remote Method Invocation (RMI)
Includes:
a. Transport Layer
b. Stub
c. Skeleton:
d. Remote Reference Layer
Goals
To minimize the complexity of the application.
To preserve type safety.
Distributed garbage collection.
Minimize the difference between working with local and remote objects.
Message-oriented communication
Aspect
persistent communication
synchronous Communication
asynchronous Communication
transient communication
Asynchronous communication
Synchronous communication
Receipt-based
Delivery-based
Response-based
stream oriented communication
TRANSMISSION MODES
Asynchronous
Synchronous
Isochronous
Stream Characteristics
a. Streams are unidirectional.
b. There is generally a single source.
Group Communication
Types
One-to-many (multicast)
includes
Group Management
Types
2 more items...
Group Addressing
Buffered and Unbuffered Multicast
Send to all and Bulletin Semantics
Flexible Reliability in Multicast Communication
many to one
includes
No ordering
Absolute ordering
Consistent ordering
Casual Ordering
many to many
receiver can only be either
Selective Receiver
Nonselective Receiver
Synchronization
Clock Synchronization
Types of clock
Physical Clock
Algorithms
Berkeley
Christian's
Logical Clock
Lamport's
Election Algorithm
Bully
Ring
Mutual Exclusion (ME)
Classification
Token based algorithm
Suzuki-Kasami's Broadcast
Raymond's Tree-Based
Token Ring
Non-Token based algorithm
Lamport's
Ricart-Agarwala's
Maekawa's
Requirements for ME
Algorithm should not involve in deadlock
Avoidance of starvation
Fairness
Fault tolerance
Resource and Process Management
Desirable features of global scheduling algorithm
no a priori knowledge about the process
dynamic in nature
quick decision making capability
balanced system performance and scheduling overhead
stability
fault tolerance
scalability
Deadlock
Remote Procedure Call
Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM)
Distributed Object Technology
Common Object Request Broker Architecture (COBRA)
Message Oriented Middleware
Remote Method Invocation