Digestive & Urinary System Emely Casillas Period 1
Major functions of the digestive system
Major functions of the urinary system
Major organs of the digestive system
Major organs of the urinary systems
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Digestion
Mechanical digestion breaks down large pieces of food into
smaller ones; chemical composition is not changed by this process
Chemical digestion breaks down large nutrient molecules into smaller chemicals, by breaking chemical bonds
Gastric juice
Pepsinogen- Chief cells of the gastric glands, Inactive form of pepsin
Pepsin- A protein –splitting enzyme that digests nearly
all types of dietary protein into polypeptides
Hydrochloric acid- Provides the acid environment needed for the production and action of pepsin
Mucus- Provides a viscous, alkaline protective layer on
the stomach’s inner surface
Intrinsic factor- Necessary for vitamin B12 absorption in the
small intestine
Pancreatic juice- contains enzymes that digest carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids
Pancreatic amylase- breaks down starch into disaccharides
Pancreatic lipase- breaks down triglycerides to glycerol and fatty acids
Proteolytic enzymes, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and
carboxypeptidase , each split certain bonds between amino
acids, to break down proteins to dipeptides
Secretions of the Small Intestine
Peptidases: break down dipeptides to amino acids
Sucrase, maltase, and lactase: break down disaccharides to
monosaccharides
Intestinal lipase: breaks down triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol
salivary
Salivary amylase- Begins carbohydrate digestion by breaking down starch to disaccharides
breaks down food into nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins
Mouth- receives food, and begins mechanical digestion by mastication (chewing)
pharynx- Connects the nasal and oral cavities with the larynx and esophagus
esophagus- Extends downward through an opening in the diaphragm
stomach- J-shaped muscular organ in upper left abdominal quadrant
small intestine
large intestine
rectum- The last several inches of the large intestine closest to the anus
anus- The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body
salivary glands- moistens and dissolves food particles, binds them together, aids in tasting, helps to cleanse the mouth and teeth, and begins carbohydrate digestion
liver- Responsible for many metabolic activities, such as the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
gallbladder- Stores bile between meals and reabsorbs water to concentrate the bile
pancreas- both endocrine and exocrine gland, function is to produce pancreatic juice that aids digestion
Cardia(c), a small region near opening to the esophagus
Fundus, a small, rounded region superior to the cardia
Body region, main portion of the stomach, between fundus and pylorus
Pylorus, distal portion, near small intestine
Pyloric sphincter, at end of pyloric canal, is a muscular ring
that controls release of food from stomach into small
intestine
Lower esophageal (cardiac, cardioesophageal) sphincter helps to prevent regurgitation of the stomach contents into the esophagus
Nasopharynx: top portion, air passage behind nasal cavity
Oropharynx: middle portion, passageway for food and air
Laryngopharynx: bottom portion, passageway to esophagus
Oral cavity is the chamber between the palate and tongue
vestibule- narrow space between the teeth, cheeks, and lips
Tongue- Surface contains projections called papillae, which provide friction for moving food in the mouth
Taste buds occur along the sides of the papillae
Duodenum: the shortest and most fixed portion of the small intestine; the stomach empties chyme directly into the duodenum
Jejunum: makes up the proximal two-fifths of the small intestine, has a slightly larger diameter than the ileum, and is more active in the digestion process
Ileum: most distal portion
Cecum: a pouch at the beginning of the large intestine, with the appendix projecting downward from it
Colon: consists of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid regions
Rectum: a straight section of the large intestine, which lies next to the sacrum
Anal canal: opens to the outside as the anus; guarded by an
involuntary internal anal sphincter and a voluntary external anal sphincter
Mucosa: epithelium - secretion and absorption; lamina propria - nutrient absorption; muscularis muscosae - increases surface area (for digestion & absorption)
submucosa: receive absorbed food molecules
Muscularis: voluntary swallowing
Serosa: serous membrane of areolar connective tissue & simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)
Mouth- begins mechanical digestion by
mastication (chewing)
salivary glands- secrete saliva, which moistens and dissolves food particles, bindsthem together, and begins carbohydrate digestion
Amylase breaks down starch into disaccharides
Liver- Responsible for many metabolic activities, such as the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
Role in digestion is to secrete bile
Pancreatic juice contains enzymes that digest carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids
Pancreatic amylase breaks down starch into disaccharides
Pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides to glycerol and fatty acids
Proteolytic enzymes, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and
carboxypeptidase , each split certain bonds between amino
acids, to break down proteins to dipeptides
Pancreatic juice also contains bicarbonate ions, which create an alkaline environment in the duodenum for enzyme function
small intestine- Finishes digestion of nutrients that arrive in the chyme
Salivary glands- Begins carbohydrate digestion by breaking down starch to disaccharides
Gastric chief cells- Begins protein digestion
Nephron- Functional unit of kidney; can produce urine independently
Renal corpuscle- Filtration structure in renal cortex, which performs the first step of urine formation
Renal tubule consists of-
Consists of cluster of capillaries, the glomerulus, and a
glomerular capsule, a cup-shaped sac that receives filtrate
Glomerular capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Nephron loop (descending and ascending limbs)
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
Kidneys, which filter the blood, reddish brown, bean-shaped organ, 12 cm long
Ureters, which transport urine from kidneys to bladder
Urinary bladder, which stores urine
Urethra, which conveys urine to the outside of the body
Renal medulla- Consists of cone-shaped structures
Renal cortex- Surrounds the renal medulla
Portion of the lower bladder forms the internal urethral
sphincter
Contains internal urethral sphincter (smooth muscle) and
external urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle)
Filters salts and wastes from the blood
Helps maintain normal concentrations of electrolytes and water
Regulates pH and body fluid volume
Helps control red blood cell production and blood pressure
cholecystitis- a redness and swelling (inflammation) of the gallbladder
Gastroephalegeal reflux disease- occurs when stomach acid repeatedly flows back into the tube connecting your mouth and stomach (esophagus)
inflammatory bowel disease- Ongoing inflammation of all or part of the digestive tract
peptic ulcers- open sores that develop on the inside lining of your stomach and the upper portion of your small intestine
colon disease- Colonic polyps - extra tissue growing in the colon that can become cancerous
Urinary diseases
bladder cancer- occurs when cells in the bladder start to grow without control
urinary tract infection- usually occur in the bladder or urethra, but more serious infections involve the kidney
kidney stones- hard deposits of minerals and acid salts that stick together in concentrated urine