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Digestive System By Adrian Leandro - Coggle Diagram
Digestive System By Adrian Leandro
Major Functions of Digestive System
Take in food
– Break it down into nutrient molecules
– Absorb molecules into the bloodstream
– Rid body of any indigestible remains
Major Functions of Urinary System
Removes waste from your blood in the form of urine. It also helps regulate your blood volume and pressure, and controls the level of chemicals and electrolytes in your body's cells and blood
Major Organs of the Digestive System
Alimentary Canal/GI tract
Mouth: here food is chewed and mixed with enzyme-containing saliva that begins process of digestion, and swallowing process is initiated
Pharynx: external muscle layers consists of two skeletal muscle layers; Functions: Allows passage of food, fluids, and air
Esophagus: Flat muscular tube that runs from laryngopharynx to stomach; Function: Helps propulsion of food
Stomach: temporary storage tank that starts chemical breakdown of protein digestion; Converts bolus of food to paste-like chyme; Empty stomach has ~50 ml volume but can expand to 4L
Small Intestine: Major organ of digestion and absorption
Large intestine: Propulsion of feces to anus and defecation; Reabsorption of vitamins (made by bacterial flora), water, and electrolytes
Anus: Exit for defecation
Accessory digestive organs
Tongue: Functions: Gripping, repositioning, and mixing of food during chewing; Formation of bolus, mixture of food and saliva; Initiation of swallowing, speech, and taste
Gallbladder: thin-walled muscular sac on ventral surface of liver; Functions: store and concentrate bile by absorbing water and ions
Teeth: lie in sockets in gum-covered margins of mandible and maxilla;
Function: Mastication- process of chewing that tears and grinds food into smaller fragments
Salivary Glands: Cleanses mouth; Dissolves food chemicals for taste; moistens food; compacts into bolus; Begins breakdown of starch with enzyme amylase
Liver: Consists of four primary lobes: right, left, caudate, and quadrate. Functions: Produce Bile
Pancreas: supplies most of enzymes needed to digest chyme, as well as bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid. Produce pancreatic juice. secretion of insulin and glucagon by pancreatic islet cells
Major Organs of the Urinary System
Kidneys
Function: Regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water; Regulating ion concentrations in extracellular fluid; Ensuring long-term acid-base balance; Excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs; Producing erythropoietin; Activating vitamin D; Carrying out gluconeogenesis; cleanse blood and adjust its composition
Structure: Renal Cortex- granular-appearing superficial region. Renal Medulla-deep to cortex, composed of cone-shaped medullary. Renal Pelvis- Funnel-shaped tube continuous with ureter
Ureters
Function: transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
Structure: Slender tubes that enter base of bladder through posterior wall
Urethra
Function: Transports urine out of body
Structure: Muscular tube
Urinary Bladder
Function: Temporary storage reservoir for urine
Structure: Muscular sac, Retroperitoneal, on pelvic floor posterior to pubic symphysis; can hold ~ 500 ml
Digestive Enzymes
Amylase: Found in saliva; begins breakdown of starch
Lipases: Breaks down lipids into fatty acids
Pepsin: Breaks down proteins into amino acids
Lactase: Breaks down lactose
Sucrase: Breaks down sucrose
Lacteal: Used for absorption
Maltase: Breaks down maltose
Trypsin: Breaks down multiple nutrients
Location of Digestion & Absorption of Each Macromolecule
Carbohydrate Digestion
Site of digestion is the mouth and small intestine. Absorption includes glucose and galactose
Fat Digestion
The site of digestion is the small intestine, the mouth. Absorption includes fatty acids and monoglycerides entering the intestinal cells through diffusion.
Protein Digestion
Site of digestion includes the stomach and small intestine. Path of absorption includes amino acids.
Nucleic Acid Digestion
Site of digestion occurs in the small intestine. The absorption process includes units that enter the intestinal cells by active transport via membrane carriers
Layers of the GI Tract
Mucosa- Tunic layer that lines lumen. Functions: Secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones; Absorbs end products of digestion; Protects against infectious disease
Submucosa- Consists of areolar connective tissue. Functions: help organs to regain shape after storing large meal
Muscularis externa- Muscle layer responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
Serosa- Outermost layer, which is made up of the visceral peritoneum
Nephron Anatomy & Physiology
structural and functional units that forms urine in the Kidneys
Renal Corpuscle
Glomerulus: Tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium; allows for filtrate formation
Glomerular capsule: cup-shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus
Renal Tubule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule: Cuboidal cells with dense microvilli that form brush border; Functions in reabsorption and secretion
Nephron Loop: U-shaped structure consisting of two limbs; Descending and Ascending limbs
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT): Cuboidal cells with very few microvilli; function more in secretion than reabsorption
Collecting Ducts
Disorders
Cholecystitis: an inflammation of the gallbladder.
GERD: chronic disease that occurs when the esophageal sphincter relaxes and allows contents of the stomach to move into the esophagus
IBD: A chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation in the digestive tract
Peptic Ulcers: Sores that develop in the lining of the stomach of the duodenum
Diverticulitis: Pouches form on the walls of the colon
Balder Cancer: When cells of the bladder grow abnormally
UTI: Abnormal growth of bacteria anywhere along the urinary tract combined with symptoms
Kidney Stones: Urine contains many dissolved minerals and salts, hard stones form when high level