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Development, Impacts of Globalisation, Globalisation in Development -…
Development
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ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: SAPs in Africa. The IMF and World Bank would provide development aid to countries that were willing to implement their SAPs and reform economic policies accordingly. Those who did not would not receive international support. This forced developing nations to reduce state spending and open up their economies for global trade.
DID NOT WORK: inefficient, irresponsible and corrupt African governments which derailed implementation by exploiting the loaning process and inhibiting SAPs from attaining their development goals. debts increased, economic potential was crippled AND GLOBAL ECONOMIC POWERS WERE ACTUALLY CONTROLLING THEIR ECONOMIES FOR THEIR BENEFIT, NOT ACTUALLY RESOLVING THE INTERNAL PROBLEMS
SAPs were intentionally exploitative through neo-colonialism, seeking to control exports and encourage productivity for their own benefit
Political
enhanced democratic institutions, impartial and independent judicial system, low levels of corruption
Political instability in Nepal caused lack of development as political coalitions could not cooperate as a government. Short government tenures meant that policies or plans were halted when a new government took over. Political parties prioritise the survival of their own political class than fulfilling the needs of the citizens
Corrupt officials within Nepal's multi-party government system have misused their power to embezzle money from state spending for their own personal gain. Money is not allocated towards building infrastructure (roads), maintaining public institutions like health care and education, national subsidies to support growing industries.
Poor resource management in Africa's many regions LIKE BOTSWANA is caused by poor level of skill and institutional development. Poor project management means inefficient progress toward development. Lack of skilled workers means poor project management which means that development plans and policies are delayed and completed out of the budget. For example, due to incomplete development project, the money is diverted toward that, and not ongoing ones. EFFECTIVE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IS CRUCIAL TO SUCCESSFULLY IMPLEMENTING DEVELOPMENT PLANS
Economic
equal economic opportunity, equal distribution of wealth/ income, equal access to resources
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Odious debt: unjust debt is incurred as rich countries loaned dictators money knowing it would be corrupted. Even after the dictator is removed, the population is expected to pay their debt.
Neo-liberalisation: unregulated economies, unprotected domestic industries. Economic globalisation
Social
Reduced social inequalities, freedom
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Neo liberalism: Reduced government regulation over the economy, encourage free enterprise, no government interference.
Impacts of Globalisation
Global political interaction: reducing the potential of armed conflict as national economies are becoming increasingly more interdependent on each other. Armed conflict would result in major economic losses for involved states
Forces states to cooperate on issues together that have been raised by global governance structures. Eg) climate change: MONTREAL PROTOCOL
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Global political interaction: Raises an issue on accountability- IGOs have increasing legitimacy and power on a global scale. They may misuse forces of globalisation as well as legitimacy and power to achieve their own agendas and interests. For example, this may be observed in nations and regions where NGOs and IGOs have raised issues on things that citizens have not voiced. EG) the social concept of gender equality and the promotion of it may conflict with another countries cultural values.
Culture
Economic globalisation: has impacted culture by exposing people to products, services, and ideas of another culture
Political globalisation: has impacted culture as it requires the promotion of cultural values and norms on a global platform.
UNRA promotes social concepts like female empowerment that may conflict and disagree with the values of countries that do not see women as equal to men.
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MNC's: increasing trade and investment opportunities. COCA COLA in India,
PRIVATE GROUPS: Give them access to pressure groups and aid services. Aung San Suu Kyi used WEF to promote her presidential campaign and raise awareness about human abuses in Myanmar
State: Gives people access to powerful groups beyond the national government. Groups can be more powerful than governments.
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