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Digestive & Urinary System - Coggle Diagram
Digestive & Urinary System
Major Functions of the Digestive System
Digestion - mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods and absorption of nutrients
Mechanical digestion breaks down large pieces of food into
smaller ones; chemical composition is not changed by this process
Chemical digestion breaks down large nutrient molecules into
smaller chemicals, by breaking chemical bonds
Gastric Secretion - The gastric glands in the thick mucosa of the stomach open into the lumen as gastric pits & has 3 types of secretory cells:
Chief Cells
secrete pepsin
Parietal Cells
secrete hydrochloric acid
Mucous Cells
produces mucous that protects the stomach lining
Gastric Absorption - the stomach absorbs small quantities of the substances water, alcohol, some lipid-soluble drugs, and certain salts
Disorders of the Digestive and Urinary Systems
Cholecystitis
Colon diseases
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Peptic Ulcers
Major Organs of the Digestive System
Salivary Glands - Salivary glands (Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual glands) secrete saliva
Salivary Secretions
contain serous cells that produce a watery fluid
containing salivary amylase
contains mucous cells that produce lubricating and binding mucus
Amylase breaks down starch into disaccharides
Pharynx (Throat) - Connects the nasal and oral cavities with the larynx and esophagus
3 portions:
Oropharynx: middle portion, passageway for food and air
Laryngopharynx: bottom portion, passageway to esophagus
Nasopharynx: top portion, air passage behind nasal cavity
Mouth
First portion of the alimentary canal
Functions: receives food, and begins mechanical digestion by
mastication (chewing)
Cheeks - form the lateral walls of the mouth
Lips - Contain sensory receptors to detect the temperature and
texture of food
Tongue
Thick, muscular organ, composed of skeletal muscle
Surface contains projections called papillae, which provide
friction for moving food in the mouth
Taste buds are along the sides of the papillae
Palate - Consists of an anterior, bony, hard palate and posterior,
muscular, soft palate
Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) - Lymphatic tissue masses, it is located on the posterior wall of the pharynx, above the border of the soft palate
Palatine Tonsils - masses of lymphatic tissue associated with the palate in the back of the mouth. It also helps protect the body from infections
Teeth
20 primary (deciduous) teeth
32 secondary (permanent) teeth
Esophagus - muscular tube leading from pharynx to stomach
Stomach -J-shaped muscular organ in upper left abdominal quadrant
Fundus: a small, rounded region superior to the cardia
Body region: main portion of the stomach, between fundus and
pylorus
Cardia(c): a small region near opening to the esophagus
Pylorus: distal portion, near small intestine
Pancreas - Exocrine function is to produce pancreatic juice that aids digestion
Pancreatic Juice - contains enzymes that digest carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids
Pancreatic amylase breaks down starch into disaccharides
Pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides to glycerol and fatty
acids
Liver - located in the upper right quadrant of the
abdominal cavity and is the body’s largest internal organ
Divided into large right and left lobes
Filters the blood
Role in digestion is to secrete bile
Stores glycogen, vitamins A, D, and B12, and iron
Synthesizes lipoproteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol
Gallbladder - pear-shaped sac on the inferior surface of the liver
Stores bile
Small Intestine - long tubular organ, which runs from the
stomach to the beginning of the large intestine
Jejunum: makes up the proximal two-fifths of the small intestine,
Ileum: most distal portion
Duodenum: the shortest and most fixed portion of the small intestine
The inner wall of the small intestine is lined with finger-like
intestinal villi
Large Intestine: Begins in lower right portion of abdominal cavity at the cecum, ascends on right, crosses to left side, and descends on left side
Opens to outside of body as the anus
Absorbs water and electrolytes, and forms and stores feces
Major Functions of the Urinary System
Helps maintain normal concentrations of electrolytes and water
Regulates pH and body fluid volume
Filters salts and wastes from the blood
Helps control red blood cell production and blood pressure
Layers of the GI tract
Submucosa - lies under the mucosa
Muscularis - Consists of 2 layers of smooth muscle: inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer
Mucosa - the inner layer of the wall
Serosa - Outer serous layer, or visceral peritoneum
Digestive enzymes
Amylase - enzyme that breaks down starch (carbohydrate
Pepsin - active form of protein digesting enzyme in the stomach and is activated by contact with hydrochloric acid
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase - three enzymes that break down protein
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Proteins - nutrients used to build and maintain its cells and tissues and other functions (enzymes, hormones, antibodies, clotting factor, etc)
Lipids - organic substance that include fats, oils, and cholesterol, oral cavity, stomach, and small intestine
Carbohyrate - organic compound used as an energy source; examples: sugars and starches, oral cavity and small intestine
Macronutrients - chemical substance that are required in large amounts, Region in Alimentary System Digested
Nephron Anatomy and Physiology
Nephrons - Functional unit of kidney; can produce urine independently
Consists of a renal corpuscle & a renal tubule
Renal tubule consists of the glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct
Several distal convoluted tubules join to become a collecting
duct
Renal corpuscle - Consists of cluster of capillaries, the glomerulus, and a glomerular capsule, a cup-shaped sac that receives filtrate
About a million nephrons per kidney
Major Organs of the Urinary System
Ureters - transport urine from kidneys to bladder
Urinary Bladder - stores urine
Kidneys - filters the blood
Urethra - conveys urine to the outside of the body