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Sarah Rebolledo Peroid 5 Reproductive System - Coggle Diagram
Sarah Rebolledo Peroid 5 Reproductive System
Major functions of the Reproductive system (male and female)
Male and female reproductive organs are quite different, but share same four tasks
Form specialized cells for sexual reproduction call gametes
Ova(eggs) – gametes in females
Sperm – gametes in males
Bring gametes from male and female together through sexual intercourse
(copulation)
Combine genetic information contained within gametes through fertilization
Support development of fetus (gestation) and birth of baby (parturition)
Anatomy of male reproductive structures
Testes
sperm-producing male gonads that lie within the scrotum
Tunica vaginalis: outer layer derived from peritoneum
Tunica albuginea: inner layer forms fibrous capsule
Septa divide testis into ~250 lobules, each containing one to four seminiferous
tubules
Spermatic cord encloses nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics that supply
testes
Sperm is delivered to body through system of ducts
epididymis
ductus deferens
ejaculatory duct
urethra
Scrotum
Sac of skin and superficial fascia
Midline septum divides scrotum into two compartments, one for each testis
Scrotum is affected by temperature changes
Urethra
Conveys both urine and semen
Penis
male copulatory organ
nternally, penis made up of spongy urethra and three cylindrical bodies of erectile
tissue, spongy network of connective tissue and smooth muscle with vascular spaces
Corpus spongiosum: surrounds urethra and expands to form glans and bulb of penis
Corpora cavernosa: paired dorsal erectile bodies
Erection: erectile tissue fills with blood, causing penis to enlarge and become rigid
Accessory Glands
Seminal glands (seminal vesicles)
Prostate
Bulbo-urethral glands (Cowper’s gland)
Semen
Milky-white mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions
Contains fructose for ATP production, protects and activates sperm, and facilitates
sperm movement
Alkaline fluid neutralizes acidity of male urethra and female vagina and enhances
motility
Anatomy of female reproductive structures
Ovaries
Female gonads
Produce female gametes (ova)
Secrete female sex hormones, estrogen (estradiol, estrone, estriol), and progesterone
Internal genitalia: located in pelvic cavity; include ovaries and duct system (uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina)
External genitalia: external sex organs
Uterine Tubes
also called fallopian tubes or oviducts, receive ovulated oocyte and are the usual site of fertilization
Infundibulum: funnel-shaped opening into the peritoneal cavity
During ovulation, uterine tube captures oocyte
Oocyte is carried along toward uterus by smooth muscle peristalsis and ciliary action
Uterus
Body: major portion
Fundus: rounded superior region
Isthmus: narrowed inferior region
Cervix: narrow neck, or outlet; projects into vagina
Cervical canal communicates with Vagina via external os and Uterine body via internal os
Uterine wall
Layers
Perimetrium: outermost serous layer (visceral peritoneum)
Myometrium: bulky middle layer consisting of interlacing layers of smooth muscle
Endometrium: mucosal lining
Vagina
Thin-walled tube 8–10 cm (3–4 inches) in length
Functions as birth canal, passageway for menstrual flow, and organ of copulation
Vaginal secretions are acidic in adult females
Mucosa near vaginal orifice forms incomplete partition called hymen that ruptures with intercourse
External genitailia
Mons pubis: fatty area overlying pubic symphysis
Labia majora: hair-covered, fatty skin folds
Labia minora: skin folds lying within labia majora
Vestibule: recess within labia minora
Clitoris: anterior to vestibule
Mammary Glands
Mammary glands are present in both male and female, but normally function only in female
Main function is milk production to nourish newborn
Modified sweat glands consisting of 15–25 lobes
Areola: pigmented skin surrounding nipple
Lobules within lobes contain glandular alveoli that produce milk
Breast size is due to amount of fat deposits
Hormones of the reproductive system (male and female)
Sex hormones (steroid hormones): Testosterone (males) and estrogens and
progesterone (females)
Male secondary sex characteristics: features induced in nonreproductive organs by
male sex hormones
Appearance of pubic, axillary, and facial hair
Enhanced growth of hair on chest or other areas
Larynx enlargements causes deepening of voice
Skin thickens and becomes oily
Bones grow, increase in density
Skeletal muscles increase in size and mass
Boosts basal metabolic rate
Basis of sex drive (libido) in males
Testosterone, synthesized from cholesterol, is transformed at some target cells
Estrogen (Female)
Promote oogenesis and follicle growth in ovary
Exert anabolic effect on female reproductive tract
Support rapid short-lived growth spurts at puberty
Induce secondary sex characteristics
Estrogen also has metabolic effects
Progesterone (Female)
works with estrogen to establish and regulate uterine cycle
Promotes changes in cervical mucus
Effects of placental progesterone during pregnancy
Events of the female hormonal cycles (be sure to include all categories)
Menopause
Declining estrogen levels
Oogenesis: production of female gamete
Begins in fetal period
Oogonia (diploid stem cells) divide by mitosis to produce:
Primary oocytes that undergo meiosis I to produce:
Secondary oocytes that undergo meiosis II to produce:
Ova
Ovulation: Each month after puberty, a select few primary oocytes are activated (release of
egg)
Caused by high hormonal levels, especially FSH
One from this group is “selected” each month to become dominant follicle
Ballooning ovary wall ruptures, expelling secondary oocyte with its corona radiata
into peritoneal cavity
Follicles and oocytes may take nearly a year to mature before ovulation can occur
Phase 2: antral phase stimulated by FSH and LH
Phase 1: gonadotropin-independent pre-antral phase involves intrafollicular
paracrines
Ovarian cycle: monthly (~28 day) series of events associated with maturation of egg
Two consecutive phases, with ovulation occurring midcycle between phases
Follicular phase: period of vesicular follicle growth (days 1–14)
several vesicular (antral) follicles become sensitive to FSH
and are stimulated to grow
Primary oocyte of dominant follicle completes meiosis I to form secondary oocyte
and first polar body
Luteal phase: period of corpus luteum activity (days 14–28)
After ovulation, ruptured follicle collapses, and antrum fills with clotted blood
Corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen
Uterine (menstrual) cycle: cyclic series of changes in endometrium that occur in
response to fluctuating ovarian hormone levels
Three phases
Days 1–5: menstrual phase
Days 6–14: proliferative (preovulatory) phase
Days 15–28: secretory (postovulatory) phase
Methods and Classification of contraceptives
Disorders associated with the reproductive system (including STI’s)
STIs are also called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or venereal diseases
(VDs)
Gonorrhea
Bacterial infection of mucosae of reproductive and urinary tracts
Trichomoniasis
Parasitic infection that is more common in women than men
Chlamydia
Most common bacterial STI in United States
Syphilis
Bacterial infection transmitted sexually or congenitally
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Group of ~40 or more viruses is most common STI in United States
Genital Herpes
Caused by herpes simplex virus
