Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

regenerating places EQ1- Types of Economies - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Tertiary economic activity
        -Tertiary economic activity involves providing services to other people in the economy.
        -Transport companies like taxi drivers, doctors working in healthcare and restaurants like Nando's are all in the tertiary sector of the economy.
        
        Quaternary economic activity
        -Quaternary economic activity involves services like IT software and scientific research and development.
        -Pension fund/asset management companies and design consultancies may also be classified in the quaternary sector.
  - - - Urban areas
        -Urban areas usually have higher proportions of secondary and tertiary activity.
        -Employment in services industries makes up over 80% of all employment in the UK.
        -Urban areas like London do not have much primary economic activity (e.g. mining or farming).
        
        Specific areas/clusters
        -Quaternary employment in the UK is concentrated in specific areas.
        -In the UK, most quaternary employment happens around important universities and in the M4 corridor (London, Reading, Bristol, Bath and Cardiff).
        -There are also clusters of activity around the universities of Oxford and Cambridge because there are often spillover effects that make it good for firms to locate there (e.g. access to good talented workers).
    - - tertiary economic activity
        -transportation is a service so Uber could be categorised here
        
        quaternary economic activity
        -but uber is also in the software/IT category of economic activity
        
        Clustering
        Certain economic activity, especially quaternary activity clusters (or groups) in certain areas. In the UK, the M4 corridor and Oxford/Cambridge have clusters of activity.
- - - - Permanent or fixed contracts
        -The traditional type of employment is employees who have contracts. These might be long-term contracts for two years or shorter-term contracts for three months.
        
        Temporary workers
        -Temporary workers can be agency staff (workers provided at short notice by a recruitment agency). These agencies have a database with lots of workers who want to work at short notice.
        -Temporary workers can also be volunteers e.g local charities may ask for support to help host an event (e.g. a bake sale) on a one-off Saturday.
        
        Zero-hours contracts
        -Zero-hours contracts are designed for casual 'piecework' or on-call work. The worker does not get any guaranteed work and may get 0 or 40 hours work in a week.
        -Neither the employer or the employee have any obligations.
        -Sports Direct was condemned for employing a lot of its staff on zero-hours contracts. Some people in government thought that their workers wanted and worked as full-time employees.
        
        Temporary and seasonal work
        -Temporary and seasonal work is usually low paid. This work is usually concentrated in the agricultural and tourism sectors.
        -Harvest time in the summer will create seasonal work for workers in agriculture. Lots of this seasonal work is done by migrants from the EU.
        -Similarly, London gets a lot of tourism in the summer. Local businesses (shops and restaurants) may take on extra workers to deal with demand.
        
        Migrant Workers - Qatar World Cup
        Qatar is using a lot of migrant workers to build stadiums for the 2022 World Cup. The Washington Post reported that there have been 1,200 migrant worker deaths since 2010 while building Qatari infrastructure.
- - - - Impact of primary economic activity
        -Someone's location of work and type of employment can affect morbidity and longevity.
        -People in primary employment have a higher risk of poorer health and mortality.
        -Workers in primary employment may be exposed to carcinogens (which cause cancer) and substances like asbestos (which is now banned). This exposure can cause ill health.
        -Additionally, extracting resources may have negative externalities (negative spillover effects), which can cause ill health to the surrounding population.
        
        food deserts
        -Food deserts are places that have a higher incidence of fast-food outlets. There is also usually less fresh food available.
        -These food deserts have higher rates of morbidity and are associated with low-income regions.
        -High streets without supermarkets selling fresh food and with lots of Chicken Cottages may lead people to eat more unhealthy food. This can reduce their quality and length of life.
        
        Food deserts - New Orleans
        -New Orleans was ranked as the top food desert in the USA. A very high % of the population lives in poverty and lots of grocery stores were destroyed and not replaced after Hurricane Katrina.
  - - - Life expectancy in the UK
        -Life expectancy in the UK (as of 2018) is 77 years for men and 82 years for women.
        
        Factors determining life expectancy
        -Key factors that influence life expectancy are:
        
        Gender (women on average live longer than men).
        
        Income (people with higher incomes tend to live longer).
        
        Occupation (primary economic activity is associated with shorter life expectancy).
        
        Education (higher education is associated with longer life expectancy).
        
        Access to healthcare.
        
        Lifestyle choices (smoking and obesity are associated with a shorter life expectancy).
- - - - Education outcomes linked to income
        -Outcomes in education, as measured by examination success, are strongly correlated with (linked to) income levels.
        -Working class children from white backgrounds who live in poverty have the lowest levels of educational attainment.
        
        Education outcomes linked to gender
        -Boys are more likely to have worse examination results than girls.
        -Boys from Bangladeshi, Pakistani and Black African origins are particularly likely to get worse examination results than girls.
  - - - Inequality in income and wealth
        -Inequality in income is different to inequality in wealth.
        
        Income refers to one years' earnings, but wealth is a stock of assets that can include houses and stocks/shares.
        
        Inequality as a wasted resource
        -High inequality can reduce the potential for economic growth.
        -Some people argue that there is a 'trickle down effect', where income and wealth from the richest spill down across society. This does not necessarily happen if the richest save the money.
        
        Inequality across the UK
        -There is a huge disparity in incomes and cost of living nationally and locally.
        -Prices in London for rent (housing costs) and food are often higher than in the rest of the UK, making the 'cost of living' higher.
        -Because of this, some jobs in London pay an additional 'London Allowance'.
        
        Teachers working in London are paid more than teachers elsewhere in the UK because of this difference in the cost of living.
        
        Inequality across economic activity types
        -People working in the primary sector and low-level services (e.g. in the care industry) receive lower pay than those in more skilled and professional sectors.
        -Seasonal employment and insecure employment (like zero-hours contracts) often pay less than other jobs.
  - - - Index of Multiple Deprivation
        -Seven variables are measured by the Index of Multiple Deprivation:
        
        income
        
        employment
        
        health deprivation or disability
        
        education and training
        
        crime
        
        access to housing
        
        environment to live in
        
        Omitted variables
        -An index cannot include every variable in the world.
        -Variables that are hard to measure may not be included (e.g stress levels).
        -There are also value judgments about which variables to include.