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Denise Juarez P.2 Digestive & Urinary System - Coggle Diagram
Denise Juarez P.2 Digestive & Urinary System
Nephron anatomy and physiology
1 million per kidney
Renal tubule
Consists of single layer of epithelial cells, but each region has its own unique histology and function
3 parts
Nephron loop
Distal convoluted tubule
(drains into collecting duct)
Proximal convoluted tubule
structural and functional units that forms urine in the Kidneys
Renal corpuscle
Glomerulus
Tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium
Allows for efficient filtrate formation
Glomerular capsule
cup-shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus
Visceral layer: clings to glomerular capillaries; branching epithelial
podocytes
Parietal layer: simple squamous epithelium
Filtration slits between foot processes allow filtrate to pass into capsular space
Collecting duct
reabsorption of water by osmosis
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Digestion
Absorption
Lymph & Blood Vessel
Stomach
Small Intestine
Propulsion
swallowing
(oropharynx)
Peristalsis
(esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large intestine)
Large Intestine
Esophagus
Feces
Pharynx
Anus
Mechanical Breakdown
Chewing (mouth)
Churning (stomach)
Segmentation
(small intestine)
Ingestion
Submucosa
Lies under the muscosa, consists of loose connective tissue, having blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and glands, Nourishes the surrounding layers of the canal.
Muscularis
Consists of 2 layers of smooth muscle: inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layers, propels food through canal
Mucosa
inner layer of the wall. A muscous membrane that surrounds the lumen of the tube, Consists of epithelium, underlying connective tissue, a little smooth muscle
Serosa
Outer layer/visceral peritoneum, protects underlying tissues, and secretes serous fluid to reduce friction between organs
Organs: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
Major organs of the digestive system
Esophagus
Flat muscular tube that runs from laryngopharynx to stomach
Liver
digestive function is production of bile
Bile: fat emulsifier
Pharynx
Food passes from mouth into oropharynx and then into laryngopharynx
Stomach
temporary storage tank that starts chemical breakdown of protein digestion
converts bolus of food to paste-like chyme
Greater curvature: convex lateral surface of stomach
Lesser curvature: concave medial surface of stomach
Lesser omentum: Runs from lesser curvature to liver
Greater omentum: drapes inferiorly from greater curvature over intestine, spleen,
and transverse colon
Salivary glands
Sublingual gland
Submandibular
gland
Parotid gland
Gallbladder
chief function is storage of bile
store and concentrate bile by absorbing water and ions
Tongue
occupies floor of mouth
Pancreas
supplies most of enzymes needed to digest chyme, as well as bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
Endocrine function: secretion of insulin and glucagon by pancreatic islet cells
Mouth (oral cavity)
Small Intestine
Jejunum
Ileum
Duodenum
major organ of digestion and absorption
Large Intestine
Ascending
colon
Cecum
Descending
colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Appendix
Transverse
colon
Anal canal
Anus
Major organs of the urinary systems
Renal Artery
Kidney
filter body’s entire plasma volume 60 times each day
Urine is produced from filtrate
Renal pelvis
Renal medulla
Renal cortex
Renal Vein
Ureter
slender tubes that convey urine from kidneys to bladder
Aorta
Urinary Bladder
Muscular sac for temporary storage of urine
Inferior Vena Cava
Urethra
Muscular tube that drains urinary bladder
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Carbohydrates
source of energy
starches and sugars
during digestion, carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides
Lipids
fats (triglycerides), oils, phospholipids, and cholesterol
build structure like membranes
synthesizes certain hormones
Supply energy for cellular processes
Proteins
amino acids
Some proteins
enzymes
antibodies
hormones
clotting factors
Protein requirements
body size
activity level
metabolic rate
nitrogen requirements
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Digestive
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Causes or Risk Factors
causes are unknown
Genetics
Environmental or immune
Symptoms
Abdominal pain
Cramping
Diarrhea
Description
Chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation in the digestive tract
Treatment Options
Medication
Antibiotics
Surgery
Peptic Ulcers
Causes or Risk Factors
Imbalance ingastric juices
Bacterial infection
Alcohol abuse
Symptoms
Heartburn
Severe chest pain
Nausea
Treatment Options
Lifestyle changes
Medication
Encloscopic
Description
Sores in the lining of the stomach or the duedenum
Gastrosophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Causes or Risk Factors
Frequent acid reflux
weakened esophageal sphincter
Obesity
Symptoms
Heartburn
Acid reflux
Chest pain
Description
A chronic disease that occurs when the esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing the contents of the stomach to move back into esophagus
Treatment Options
Prescription medication
Surgery
Over the counter medication
Maalox
Mylanta
Rolaids
Colorectal cancer
Symptoms
Fatigue
Weight loss
Pelvic Pain
Causes or Risk Factors
Hereditary
Diet
Radiation
Treatment Options
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Medication
Description
Uncontrolled cell growth in the colon
Spastic Colon or IBS
Description
Abnormal abdominal conditions
Causes or risk factors
Stress
Diet
Hormonal
Symptoms
Abdominal pain
Cramping
Diarrhea
Treatment Options
Medication
Diet
Lifestyle change
Cholecystitis
Causes or Risk Factors
, Digestive tumors
Caused by blockage of the gall duct
Blockage of the bile duct
Symptoms
Vomiting
Bloating
Nausea
Description
Inflammation of the gallbladder
Treatment Options
Medication
Fasting
Antibiotics
Urinary
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
abnormal growth of bacteria anywhere along the urinary tract combined with sympotoms
causes
sexually active
pregnant women
women with diabetes
symptoms
fever & chills
pain in back
burning urination
treatment
oral antibiotic
phenazopyridine
Kidney Stones
Causes
high levels of minerals & salts
urine contains many dissolved minerals & salts, hard stones can be formed
Symptoms
nausea & vomiting
dark or blood urine
burn feeling
Treatment
medication
surgery
wait for stone to pass by itself
Bladder Cancer
when cells of the bladder grow abnormllay, 1 or more tumors start inside lining of the bladder
Causes
smoking or inhaling tobacco smoke
radiation
Symptoms
back pain
pain in lower abdomen
hematuria
Treatment
chemo
surgery
Major functions of the urinary system
Regulating ion concentrations in extracellular fluid (ECF)
Regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water
Excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs
removes waste from your blood in the form of urine
Major functions of the digestive system
Absorb molecules into the bloodstream
Rid body of any indigestible remains
Break it down into nutrient molecules
Take in food
Chemical digestion
breaks down large nutrient molecules into smaller chemicals
Mechanical digestion
breaks down large pieces of food into smaller ones
Digestive enzymes
Peptidase
Intestinal mucosal cells
Breaks down peptides into amino acids
Sucrase, maltase, lactase
Intestinal mucosal cells
Break down disaccharides into monosaccharides
Nucleases
Pancreatic enzyme
breaks down nucleic acids into nucleotides
Intestinal lipase
Intestinal mucosal cells
breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Enterokinase
Intestinal mucosal cells
converts trypsinogen into tryspin
Salivary amylase
secreted by salivary glands
begins carbohydrate digestion by breaking down starch to disaccharides
Pepsin
gastric chief cells
begins protein digestion
Pancreatic amylase
secreted by pancreas
breaks down starch into disaccharides
Pancreatic lipase
secreted by pancreas
breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol