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Evelyn Santiago P2 - Digestive & Urinary System - Coggle Diagram
Evelyn Santiago P2 - Digestive & Urinary System
Major functions of digestive system
take in food
absorb molecules into bloodstream
break down into nutrient molecules
rid body of indigestible remains
Major Functions of Urinary System
regulating total water volume & total solute concentration in water
regulating iron concentrations in extracellular fluid (ECF)
ensuring long-term acid-base balance
excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs
producing erythropoietin
activating vitamin D
carry out glucogenesis
Major organs of digestive system
Alimentary Canal (GI tract) (gut)
Organs
mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
anus
muscular tube from mouth -> anus
digest foods: break into smaller fragments
Ingestion : eating
Propulsion : movement of food thru alimentary canals
Peristalsis - major means of propulsion of food: alternates waves of contraction/relaxation
swallowing
Mechanical breakdown : chewing, mix food + saliva, churning & segmentation
Segmentation : local constriction of intestine; mix food + digestive juices
Digestion - series of catabolic steps that involve enzymes to break down into food molecules into chem-building blocks
Absorption : passage of digested fragments from lumen of GI tract into blood or lymph
Defecation : elimination of indigestible substances via anus in form of poo
absorb fragments thru blood lining
Accessory/Associated digestive organs
teeth : lie in socket in gum-covered margins of mandible and maxilla
Mastication : process of chewing; tears and grinds food
Dentition & Dental formula
20 deciduous teeth (milky/baby teeth) between 6-24 months
32 deep-lying permanent teeth (6-12 years of age)
Teeth classified by shape
Incisors-chisel shaped for cutting
Canines-fanglike teeth that tear or piece
Premolars (bicuspid) - broad crowns w/ rounded cusps used to grind or crush
Molars - broad crowns, rounded cusps; best grinders
Tooth structure
Crown - exposed part above gingiva (gum)
covered by enamel, hardest substance in body
Root - portion embedded in jawbone
connected to crown by neck
tongue : occupies floor of mouth
Functions
gripping, repositioning, and mixing of food during chewing
formation of bolus (mix food + saliva)
initiation of swallowing, speech, teste
Lingual frenulum :attachment to floor of mouth
gall bladder
Digestive glands : produces secretions for break down
salivary glands
liver
pancreas
Mouth (oral (buccal) cavity
oral orifice is anterior opening/ walls of mouth lines with stratified squamous epithelium
Lips & Cheeks
Lips (labia) - composed of fleshy orbicularis oris muscle
Cheeks : composed of buccinator muscles
Labial frenulum ; median attachment of each lip to gum
Palate - roof of mouth
Hard Palate : formed by palatine bones & palatine processes of maxillae w/ midline ridge called raphe
Soft palate : fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle
closes of nasopharynx during swallowing
Uvula : fingerlike projection- faces downward from edge of soft palate
Salivary glands
Functions
Cleanses mouth
dissolves food chemicals for taste
moistens breakdown of starch w/ enzyme amylase
2 secretory cells
Serous - produce watery secretion, enzymes, ions, bit of mucin
Mucous cells : produce mucus
Major organs of urinary system
Kidneys
Renal cortex : granular-appearing superficial region
Renal medulla : deep to cortex, compose of cone-shaped medullary (renal) pyramids
Papilla : tip of pyramid, points of internal
lobe : medullary pyramid and its surrounding corticol tissue; about 8 lobes per kidney
Renal pelvis
minor calyces - cup-shaped areas that collect urine draining from pyramidal papillae
major calyces - areas that collect urine from minor calyces , empty urine to renal pelvis
ureters : transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
Urinary bladder : temporary storage reservoir for urine
Urethra : transports urine out of body
Digestive enzymes
Amylase
maltase
lactase
lipase
proteases
sucrase
Location of digestion and absorption of macro
Macros
carbohydrate digestion
starch & disaccharides
oligosaccharides & disaccharides
lactose
galactose
maltose
glucose
sucrose
fructose
protein digestion
proteins
large polypeptides
small polypeptides, small peptides
amino acids (dipeptides, tripeptides)
fat digestion
unemulsified triglycerides
monoglycerides and fatty acids
nucleic acids
pentose sugars, n-containing bases, phosphate ions
Layers of GI tract
Muscularis externa
muscle layer responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
contains inner circular muscle layer and outer longitudinal layers
Submucosa
consist of areolar connective tissue
has blood and lymph vessels, lymph follicles, submucosal nerve plexus
Serosa
outermost layer, made up of visceral peritoneum
Mucosa
tunic layer lines lumen
Functions
secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, hormones
absorbs end products of digestion
protects against infectious disease
Nephrons - structural/functional units forms urine in Kidneys
Renal corpuscle
Glomerulus
tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium
highly porous capillaries
allows for efficient filtrate formation
Glomerular capsule
aka Bowmans capsule
2 layers
Parietal layer: single squamous epithelium
Visceral layer: clings to glomerular cappillaries; branching epithelial podocytes
Renal tubule
consists of single layer of epithelial cells, each region has its own unique histology and function
Proximal convoluated tubule
cuboidal cells w/ dense microvilli that form brush border
Nephron loop
loop of henle
descending limb
ascending limb
Distal convoluted tubule
Disorders of Digestive & Urinary systems