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Gavin Arias Per.1 Digestive and Urinary…
Gavin Arias Per.1 Digestive and Urinary System
Layers of the GI Tract
Muscularis-consists of 2 layers of smooth muscle: inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer; propels food through canal
Serosa-outer layer
Submucosa-lies under the mucosa
Mucosa-inner layer of wall
Location of Digestion and Absorption of Each Macromolecule
Mouth-mechanical digestion and beginning of chemical digestion from saliva
Stomach-chemical digestion of contents from mouth, broken down
Intestines-absorption of nutrients and removal of food wastes
Nephron Anatomy and Physiology
Proximal Convoluted Tubule-reabsorption of enzymes by active transport, water by osmosis, and chloride ions and other negatively charged ions by electrochemical attraction
Descending Limb of Nephron Loop-reabsorption of water by osmosis
Glomerular Capsule-recipient glomerular filtrate
Ascending Loop of Nephron Tubule-reabsorption of sodium, potassium, and chloride ions by active transport
Glomerulus-filtration of water and dissolved substances from plasma
Distal Convulated Tubule-reabsorption of sodium ions by active transport and water by osmosis; secretion of hydrogen and potassium ions both actively and passively
Collecting Duct-reabsorption of water by osmosis
Major Organs of the Urinary System
Ureters-transports urine from kidneys to bladder
Urinary Bladder-stores urine
Kidneys-filter the blood
Urethra-conveys urine to the outside of the body
Disorders of the Digestive and Urinary Systems
Peptic Ulcers-sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or the duodenum
Polyps-growths
Inflammatory Bowel Disease(IBD)-a chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation in the digestive tract
Hemorrhoids-inflamed veins in the rectum or anus
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease(GERD)-a chronic disease that occurs when the esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing the contents of the stomach to move back into the esophagus
Bladder Cancer-a growth or tumor of the bladder
Cholecystitis-an inflammation of the gall bladder
Urinary Tract Infection(UTI)-a common infection in women where an abnormal growth of bacteria is found in the urinary tract
Kidney Stones-small, hard deposit that forms in the kidneys
Major Organs of the Digestive System
Mouth-mechanical breakdown of food; begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates
Pharynx-connects mouth with esophagus
Esophagus-peristalsis pushes food to stomach
Stomach-secretes acid and enzymes; mixes food with secretions to begin enzymatic digestion of proteins
Small Intestine-mixes food with bile and pancreatic juice; final enzymatic breakdown of food molecules; main site of nutrient absorption
Large Intestine-absorbs water and electrolytes to form feces
Rectum-regulates elimination of feces
Anus- exit for feces
Major Functions of the Digestive System
Breakdown of foods and absorption of nutrients
Major Functions of the Urinary System
regulates pH and body fluid volume
helps control red blood cell production and blood pressure
helps maintain normal concentrations of electrolytes and water
filters salts and wastes from the blood
Digestive Enzymes
Pancreatic Amylase-breaks down starch into disaccharides
Pancreatic Lipase-breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Pepsin-begins protein digestion
Proteolytic Enzymes (Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, and Carboxpeptidase)-breaks down proteins or partially digested proteins into peptides
Salivary Amylase-begins carbohydrate digestion by breaking down starch to disaccharides
Nucleases-breaks down nucleic acids into nucleotides
Peptidase-breaks down peptides into amino acids
Sucrase, Maltase, and Lactase-breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides
Intestinal Lipase-breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Enterokinase-convrets trypsinogen into trypsin