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globalisation EQ4 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Life expectancy
        -Global rankings of development are different when examining life expectancy rather than GDP.
        -Here, according to the World Health Organisation, Japan tops the ranking with a life expectancy of 84.2 years whilst America is outside of the top ten with 78.5 years.
        
        Composite indices
        -A composite index combines several measures of development to give a more holistic view of development.
        -Economic measures of development include income per capita and the balance of the different economic sectors.
        -Examples include the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Gender Inequality Index (GII).
        
        The Human Development Index (HDI)
        -The last Human Development index saw Norway, Australia and Switzerland complete the top 3.
        -The HDI includes: life expectancy at birth (which shows the healthcare provision of a country), the expected and mean years of schooling (which shows the education provision of a country) and the Gross National Income (which shows the state of the economy in the country).
        -A score of 1 would be the highest achievable score in the HDI. In the 2015 rankings, Norway had a score of 0.949.
        
        Environmental quality index (EQI)
        -The EQI looks at a number of environmental factors together.
        -An example of one factor would be air pollution measures.
  - - - Realities of the Gini coefficient
        -In reality, a score of 0 or 1 is not possible and so countries lay somewhere in between.
        -South Africa is an example of a very unequal country with a Gini coefficient of 0.62 in 2017.
        -Iceland is one of the most equal countries with a Gini coefficient of 0.25 in 2017.
        
        Inequality between countries
        -Some people argue that globalisation enables the rich (the TNCs and global elites) to accumulate wealth faster than the poor do (those who provide cheap labour or are switched-off).
        
        Inequality within countries
        -The World Inequality Report in 2018 found that in the US, the share of national income that the top 1% own has increased from 11% in 1980 to 20% in 2014.
        -In the UK, London was recently found to be the most unequal city while Sunderland was the most equal.
- - - - Lack of integration
        -the opening of borders andrise in migrstion has created mixed societies, for some, this is an advantage and means thriving migrant diasporas
        -But in some cases, migrants do not integrate well with the local population and this can cause tension.
        
        Trump and the USA
        -When Donald Trump became US President, one of his first executive orders (No. 13769) was to curb immigration from certain countries. This order was branded the 'Muslim ban' by some and saw 60,000 visas revoked
        
        migration and host countries
        -large scale migration can put a strain on the host location's housing and services (schools and healthcare)
        
        brexit and UKIP
        -it is likely that tensions around the european and international migration led to the UK independance partys 126% vote in the 2015 genral election
        -It is likely that these concerns also played a part in the vote to leave the European Union in the June 2016 referendum.
        -A survey published in 2017 found that Brexit was the result of widespread concern over the numbers of people coming to the UK - millions of whom have done so through the EU’s rule of the free movement of people.
      - Tensions from Globalisation - Culture
        Some groups try to fight the spread of culture which has happened as a result of globalisation. They want to resist changes to their cultural identity and keep their physical resources.
        
        First Nations
        -An example is the First Nations indigenous people in Canada. The Jumbo Valley is threatened with exploitation to become a ski resort but the indigenous people are resisting this development.
        
        ‘Keep Jumbo Wild’ campaign
        -The ‘Keep Jumbo Wild’ campaign represents local residents, concerned citizens and the Ktunaxa Nation (indigenous people) who strongly oppose the development.
        -Their argument is that there are few areas of wilderness left in the world and so it should be preserved for future generations - ensuring sustainability.
    - - USA
        -In January 2017, President Trump curbed immigration from Libya, Yemen, Syria, Somalia and Iran because of fears of Islamic extremism.
        -In June 2018, the bill was upheld as legal by the Supreme Court and continues.
        -Waivers may be granted but only 2% of applicants are successful and stringent background checks are done.
        
        UK
        -Brexit (the UK leaving the European Union) was the result of widespread concern spread by politicians over the numbers of people coming to the UK - millions of whom have done so through the EU’s rule of the free movement of people.
  - - - What is censorship?
        -Using censorship describes limiting what the population of your country is able to see online or access.
        -In China and North Korea, the governments have used censorship to limit what their populations are able to see from other cultures. This limits the spread of globalisation.
        
        Censorship in China
        -The social media platforms that were used to in the West are mostly banned in mainland China. Instead, they are replaced by other ones that the government can monitor.
        
        For example, instead of WhatsApp, they have WeChat.
        
        Censorship in China cont.
        -The Chinese government enforce a limit on how many foreign films can come into the country in a year. In 2012, this limit was increased to 34 (up from 10 in 2002).
        -These measures stop the spread of globalisation by limiting the cultural traits that their citizens are exposed to.
        -Google did not operate in China for five years because it refused to comply with government censorship requests.
        
        Censorship historically
        -Censorship was a tactic that was heavily used by the Nazi Party in Germany in the 1930s and by the Soviet Union under Stalin.
        -Censorship can prevent a population from being exposed to new or different ideas.
    - - Banana wars
        -A well-known example of protectionism was the ‘banana wars’ of the early 2000s.
        -The EU had a trade deal with the Caribbean which set a quota of how many bananas each country could sell to Europe. The idea was that this would help these countries to develop without needing aid.
        -But this was an act of protectionism because it stopped the free trade of bananas and made bananas from outside of the Caribbean look more expensive.
        -The US complained to the World Trade Organisation that this was limiting global trade and stopping their bananas from selling in Europe.
        
        Infant industries
        -Infant industries are industries that are in the early stages of development in the domestic country.
        -Adding tariffs to foreign goods can help infant industries create domestic jobs and let an industry develop.
        -The USA did this with lots of iron and steel industries in the late 1800s.
  - - - What is sustainability?
        -Sustainability means the ability to meet the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
        
        What is localism?
        -Localism or local sourcing aims to increase sustainability by limiting food miles. Buying food from local producers means that it does not travel to reach its destination and so carbon emissions are lowered.
        -If food travels less far and produces lower carbon emissions while doing this, then it is meeting today’s needs and ensuring that the planet is protected to meet the needs of future generations.
        
        Transition towns
        -Transition towns and transition groups are a movement helping to promote local sourcing. They try to get ready for an era after fossil fuels and look to be sustainable now. They promote local schemes and try to avoid using things like oil.
        
        Totnes is an example of a transition town in Devon. This transition town is a community-driven operation and local charity.
        
        Totnes wants to support the local economy, but also be environmentally responsible. They try to use things like clean/renewable energy
        
        Drawbacks of localism
        -Buying goods from local providers may be more expensive and may make people themselves worse off, despite being a benefit for the local producer.
        -While the carbon emissions may reduce from reduced food miles, if growing the crops locally requires intense resource consumption then this benefit is overset.
        -eg, growing tropical fuits in england requires a great deal of energy to recreate the ideal temperatures
    - - Aims of fair trade
        -Fair trade and ethical consumption schemes aim to reduce the inequalities of global trade.
        -They also aim to improve the working conditions for some people by making sure that a fair price is paid to the producer of the product.
        -They also aim to reduce environmental degradation by increasing awareness of the negative impacts of production.
        
        fair trade foundation
        -The Fair Trade Foundation is the most well-known example of a scheme that aims to reduce inequality that results from globalisation.
        -The Fair Trade logo is placed onto products and ingredients that meet the standards set by the foundation. They seek to make sure that workers’ rights are protected and the environment is protected.
        
        Fair Trade Foundation cont.
        -Companies pay the Fairtrade minimum price for products which makes sure that producers are paid a fair amount.
        -Companies pay an additional Fairtrade Premium which is invested in business or community projects of the community’s choice.
        -according to their website, £106.2 million was paid to producers in the form of the fairtrade premium in 2013-2014
    - - Recycling in the UK
        -The government sets recycling targets for local councils to meet. Heavy fines are now given to organisations that throw away too much waste.
        -Different areas recycle different products and the ease of recycling varies greatly across the UK.
        
        Inequality in recycling efforts
        -The result is that consumers can be confused. A survey in 2016 found that two-thirds of all UK households are not sure which bin to use for one or more items.
        -In the UK, some areas see households recycle as much as 67% of everything that they throw away.
        -At the other end of the scale, some households only recycle around a fifth of what they throw away.
        
        Recycling NGOs
        -Many NGOs are working to increase the amount of recycling that happens in the UK.
        -Keep Britain Tidy is an example of a charity. They aim to cut litter, end waste, improve public places and educate future generations
        -They run several different campaigns to achieve these aims.
        -One example is the Great British Spring Clean where people across the country clear up the litter around their local area.
    - - Derbyshire
        -In Derbyshire, there is a transition group that has made a food hub where people grow food in their gardens and sell it to other local people cheaper than the supermarket price.
        
        Brixton
        -£130,000 was raised in Brixton by a transition group to create a solar power station on top of the roofs of a council estate. It is run by the community and is the first of its kind.