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Glaciers case studies - Coggle Diagram

- - - - leading to a demographic shift with English, Thais, Germans and Italians now living in Svalbard.
  - - - Svalbard has a significant amount of coal and coal mining is the main economic activity on the islands
        
        once employing over 300 people.
    - - A coal-fired power station in Svalbard meets the energy requirements of the island.
        
        Along with the need to fly frequently, it is one of the reasons why the carbon footprint of Svalbard residents is among the largest in Europe.
      - The island has the potential to meet its energy needs through solar energy during the summer when there are 24 hours of sunlight.
      - To overcome this Svalbard town council has reached an agreement with the Norwegian government to build a hydrogen power plant, which will generate clean electricity, producing only water as a byproduct.
      - However, the coal mining community have to be won over before it is constructed.
        
        Though this should be achievable given only 45 people now work at the coal mine, which is currently at 10% of its former capacity.
    - - The Barents Sea that surrounds Svalbard is home to some of the best fishing grounds in the world
      - with over 150 species of fish e.g
        
        haddock
        
        herring.
      - Fishing in this area is controlled
        
        is sustainable as overfishing is illegal.
    - - Svalbard is a popular tourist destination and is visited regularly by cruise ships.
        
        70,000 tourists visited in 2011,
        
        30,000 arrived on cruise ships.
      - The harbour has been enlarged to accommodate large cruise ships.
      - As the sea ice no longer freezes around Svalbard
        
        cruise ships can now stop in the winter
        
        has extended the tourist season.
      - People are attracted to Svalbard because of its natural beauty and wildlife.
      - Adventure tourism is a growth industry in Svalbard with people participating in leisure activities such as
        
        hiking
        
        kayaking
        
        riding snowmobiles.
  - - - Winter temperatures can drop below -30°C
      - This, along with limited sunlight in the winter, makes working outside very challenging.
        
        e.g you can’t do intricate repairs outside in mittens
      - In the winter the sea freezes and roads become very dangerous.
    - - Permafrost in Svalbard creates considerable challenges for building and constructing infrastructure.
      - Roads are built on raised gravel beds to reduce heat transfer which can thaw the permafrost.
      - Many domestic services such as freshwater and sanitation have to be provided above ground in insulated utilidors to minimise the risk of freezing pipes and thawing the permafrost.
      - Runways are painted white to reflect the energy and reduce the transfer of heat from the sun.
    - - Svalbard is a very remote region, relying on transport such as planes and ships for access.
      - Some roads depend on crossing frozen rivers in the winter, which is very dangerous.
      - Locals rely on snowmobiles and 4x4s in the winter.
- - - - glacial trough formed by a glacier that flowed north west towards the coast
        
        Today, the river Ogwen flows in the valley, but it’s much too small to have created it- misfit stream
    - - Llyn Blochlwyd and Llyn Idwal are tarns
      - Sit above Nant Ffrancon valley in corries (Cwm Bochlwyd, Cwm Idwal)
      - Formed by tributary glaciers that once flowed into the main glacier in Nant Ffrancon
    - - formed when ridges of land stick out into the path of a glacier and get cut off
      - cut off by Nant Ffrancon glacier
      - may have been interlocking spurs but were bulldozed by the glacier
    - - A lot found around Llyn Idwal
      - deposited by melting glacier
      - terminal moraine- at the mouth of the tarn
      - lateral moraine- on the west side of the tarn
      - moraine formations have been eroded by other processes since being deposited- not as obvious in more recently glaciated areas
    - - glacier that once flowed discharged into Conwy Bay
      - the flat expanse of glacial till near Aberogwen- outwash plain for the glacier shortly after the last glacial maximum
      - in places where the plain has been eroded to form cliffs you can see a clear layer of glacial deposits
    - - Sharp ridge between Cwm Bochlwyd and Cwm Cneifion
        
        formed in the carries on either side of the ridge and eroded the rock in between until it formed the steep-sided arete
    - - near the village of Pentir
      - esker around 400m long, 10m high
      - probably formed by meltwater
      - both have been eroded by natural and human processes so aren’t easy to see
    - - formed by freeze-thaw weathering at the tops of many mountains
        
        e.g Glyder Fach