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4.2 - Coggle Diagram
4.2
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Eugenics
beliefs aiming to improve the quality of the population - can involve sterilisation - influencing higher reproduction for people with desirable genetic traits
Osborn and West in 70's
- concluded that 40% of boys with a criminal father had a criminal record compared to 12% of boys without a criminal father
- research can be drawn from Lombroso and evaluation of 2.1
- unlikely to be a widespread police of eugenics in the UK
- however, in 2015 a UK judge gave the order allowing a mother of six with learning difficulties to be sterilised
- surgical castration is still offered in 2 European countries - Czech Republic and Germany
- Chew (2019) - policies are associated with totalitarian regimes - they wrongly criminalised crimes such as homosexuality
- association with Nazi sterilisation Programme - abuse of human rights
- genes aren't the only cause - so why sterilise if the cause is the environment?
Anger Management
- cognitive behavioural techniques to help with anger
- Navaco (1975): because they can't deal with anger, it is expressed in anti-social ways
- teaches inmates to identify triggers for anger and give skills to manage it e.g. relaxation techniques. More long lasting change rather than simply managing the behaviour such as token economy policies
- Ireland (2004): offenders showed increased ability to control behaviour after the anger management as compared to the control group
Rice: more likely to increase reoffending/recidivism as might find it easier to manipulate others and therefore commit crime
- Specialist training is costly
Social Skills Training
- use of role models - demonstrate correct ways to deal with social situations
- modelling, practice, feedback, homework
- time consuming
- costly - specialist training
- must have 'buy in' from prisoners
- teaches skills - long term
Death Penalty
- some people just say it is a deterrent
- ultimate justice and closure for victims, 100% sure that they will not reoffend
- vindicates (upholds importance) of the law
- Murder rate did not soar when the UK temporarily abolished death penalty in 1965 - leading to permanent abolition in 1969
- statistics in USA = murder rate lower in states without the policy - e.g. in 2015 it was 255 higher (death penalty information centre)
- people kill in the heat of the moment, suffering from addiction, mental illness - this makes the policy unjust
Psychodynamic Theory
Freud
- problems caused by early development or trauma are embedded in the unconscious, causing criminal behaviour
psychoanalysis
- patient/criminal verbalises their thoughts to uncover unconscious and repressed thoughts
- study in 2010 says it works just as well as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
- Can be cathartic as a release for offenders
- least favoured of contemporary approaches to working with offenders
- Blackburn (1993): there are few positive evaluations of psychoanalysis as a treatment
- Patient could recover painful memories
- Creates a power imbalance which could be unethical
- time consuming
Behaviour Modification
- techniques to get rid of undesirable behaviour and promote desirable ones
- punished behaviours are weakened
- reinforced/rewarded behaviours are strengthened
Token Economy
- token given for desired action which is later exchanged for a privilege such as more visits
- punished for undesirable behaviour such as solitary confinement
- policy: Incentives and Earned Privileges Scheme is prisons
- "Promotes conforming behaviour through rational choice... encourages prisoners to engage with sentence planning and ensures a more disciplined environment which is safer for staff and prisoners" (Prison Reform Trust)
- implemented easily and cheaply
- effective for serious offenders
- might be responding to attention rather than tokens
- Hobbes and Holt: only works short term, doesn't provide skills to deal with behaviour issues
- only controls behaviour in prison doesn't modify crime outside
- human rights? ethical to withhold privileges when they can't control actions?
- Fo and O'Donnell (1975): devised a 'buddy system' - adult volunteers assigned to young offender to provide consistent reinforcement for desire behaviour - Less effect for less serious offenders