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Digestive System Denise Urzua Period 5 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive System Denise Urzua Period 5
Major organs of the digestive system
Liver: digestive function is production of bile
Pancreas: supplies enzymes needed to digest chyme
Gallbladder: chief function is storage of bile
Tongue: Gripping forms bolus, starts swallowing, speech and taste
Teeth: Breaks down food- mastication
GI tract: One long muscular tube
Pharynx: food passes from mouth into oropharynx
Mouth: Oral cavity
Esophagus; flat muscular tube that runs from laryngopharynx to stomach
Stomach: temporary storage tank that starts chemical breakdown of protein digestion
Small intestine: major organ of digestion and absorption
Large intestine: functions- digestion, absorption, propulsion
Anus: opening to release feces
Salivary glands: saliva cleanses mouth, dissolve food chemicals for taste, moistens food, begins breakdown of starch with enzyme
Major Functions of the Digestive System
Break it down into nutrients molecules
Absorb molecules into the bloodstream
Take in food
Rid body of any indigestible remains
Major organs of the Urinary System
Urethra: muscular tube that drains urinary bladder
Urinary bladder: storage tank for urine
Ureters: 2 tubes from kidneys to bladder
Kidneys: filter and removing waste from blood to form urine
Renal pelvis: funnel shaped tube connects to ureter
Major functions of the Urinary System
Regulating water volume
Regulating ion concentrations in ECF
Ensuring long term acid base balance
Excreting metabolic waste
Removing waste from blood to form urine
Regulates blood pressure
Digestive Enzymes- name and functions
Proteases: for protein secreted in inactive form to prevent self-digestion
Amylase: for carbohydrates
Lipases: for lipids
Nucleases: for nucleic acids
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Protein digestion: Pepsin (stomach)- amino acids are absorbed through cotransport with Na+; Pancreatic enzymes (small intestine)-transcytosis of small peptides (rarely); brush border enzymes (small intestine)- facilitated diffusion transported to liver
Fata digestion: Lingual lipase (mouth)- diffusion, recombine,exocytosis; Gastric lipase (stomach)-transported; Emulsification (small intestine)- diffusion transported to liver
Carbohydrate digestion: site of action- mouth (salivary amylase) - glucose and galactose are absorbed through cotransport with NA+, Fructose passes via facilitated diffusion; small intestine (pancreatic amylase)- all monosaccharides leave epithelial cells through facilitated diffusion and transported to the liver through the hepatic portal vein
Nucleic acids: Pancreatic ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease (small intestine)- transport via membrane carriers, absorbed into cap blood and transported to the liver; Brush border enzymes (small intestine)
Layers of the GI tract including the stomach
Stomach- Muscularis externa: longitudinal layer, circular layer, and oblique layer- together allows smooth muscle to pummel, churn, mix and move chyme (segmentation and peristalsis)
Mucosa layer: made of mucous cells secretes two layer coat of alkaline mucus, absorbs products of digestion, and protects form infectious disease
Mucosal barrier: protects stomach
Serosa: outmost layer
Submucosa: has elastic tissue to help organs regain shape after large meal
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Renal corpuscle:
Glomerular capsule: also known as bowman's capsule; cup shaped hollow structure surrounding glomerulus
Glomerulus: allows for efficient filtrate formation
Renal tubule:
Nephron loop: U shaped structure consisting of two limbs- descending limb and ascending limb
Proximal convoluted tubule:functions-reabsorption and secretion; cuboidal cells increases surface area
Distal convoluted tubule: cuboidal cells with little microvilli, secretes more than absorbs, only in cortex
Collecting duct: cell types- principal and intercalated cells receive filtrate from many nephrons
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Cholecystitis: an inflammation of the gallbladder; symptoms-tender abdomen, sweating and nausea
Gastroesophageal Reflux disease: a chronic disease that occurs when the stomach acid flows back up to the mouth
Inflammatory Bowel Disease: a chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation in the digestive tract
Peptic Ulcers: sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or duodenum; symptoms-heartburn, severe chest pain, and vomiting
Colon Diseases
Polyps-growths
Hemorroids: inflamed veins in the rectum or anus
Bladder cancer: cancer in bladder; symptoms- pain with urinating, back pain, and abdomen pain
Urinary tract infection: abnormal growth of bacteria anywhere in the urinary tract; symptoms- burning with urination, pain in lower pelvic, cloudy urine
Kidney stones: Hard stones made of minerals and salt; symptoms-sharp cramping pain,burning with urinating, urinating often