Digestive & Urinary System
period 2, Catherine Dela Cruz
Major functions of the digestive system
Mechanical processing.
Digestion.
Secretion.
Absorption.
Excretion.
major functions of the urinary system
transform raw materials into usable finished products for multiple consumer and industrial sectors.
breaks down food into nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins
production and release of a useful substance by a gland or cell
the transfer of nutrients from our diet into the circulation
control osmotic pressure the balance between inorganic ions and water and maintain acid-base balance
helps regulate your blood pressure.
maintains your body's water balance.
helps keep bones strong and healthy.
controls the levels of chemicals and salts in your blood.
helps make your body's red blood cells.
Major organs of the digestive system
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
small intestine
large intestine
Rectum
anus.
Major organs of the urinary systems
Kidneys
Ureters
urinary bladder
urethra.
Digestive enzymes
Lipases.
Amylase.
Maltase
Trypsin
Lactase.
Acetylcholinesterase
Helicase
DNA polymerase
This group of enzymes help digest fats in the gut.
In the saliva, amylase helps change starches into sugars
This also occurs in the saliva, and breaks the sugar maltose into glucose.
These enzymes break proteins down into amino acids in the small intestine.
Lactase breaks lactose, the sugar in milk, into glucose and galactose
These enzymes break down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in nerves and muscles.
Helicase enzymes unravel DNA.
These enzymes synthesize DNA from deoxyribonucleotides.
location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
location
on the surface of the cell as receptors or for cell recognition.
functions
providing structural support
being a source of stored fuel
storing and retrieving genetic information
speeding biochemical reactions.
layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Layers of the gastrointestinal tract:
It has four layers.
The serosa comprises connective tissues and a thin mesothelium.
Smooth muscles make up the muscularis layer.
The sub-mucosal layer is formed of loose connective tissues.
The mucosa is the innermost layer that lines the alimentary canal's lumen.
the innermost layer is the mucosa
underneath this is the submucosa
followed by the muscularis propria
the outermost layer the adventitia
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Functions of nephron:
The blood enters the kidney through the renal artery (which branches into capillaries associated with the glomerulus).
Water and solute are transferred to Bowman's capsule.
In the proximal convoluted tubule, glucose and salts are selectively reabsorbed.
each nephron consists of a blood supply and a specialized network of ducts called a tubule
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Bladder infections - (cystitis) usually caused by bacteria.
Enlarged prostate - in men, this can make it difficult to empty the bladder.
Incontinence - when urine leaks out of the urethra.
Kidney infections - when a bladder infection 'backs up' the ureters.