Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Digestive & Urinary System - Sandra Cortez Period 1 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive & Urinary System - Sandra Cortez Period 1
Major functions of the digestive system
The digestive system carries out the process of digestion
[Digestion] Mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods and absorption of nutrients
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Digestive System
3. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD):
Chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation in the digestive tract
Causes or Risk Factors:
Unknown, could possibly be genetics, environmental or immune
Symptoms:
Abdominal pain, cramping, diarrhea, fever or loss of appetite
Description:
Includes Crohn´s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
Treatment Options:
Meds, antibiotics, fluid replacement, diet adjustment or surgery
4. Peptic Ulcers:
Sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or the duodenum
Description:
Look like inflamed holes
Causes or Risk Factors:
Imbalance in gastric juices, bacterial infection or excess acid production
Symptoms:
Heart/chest pain, nausea, vomiting or bloating
Treatment Options:
Lifestyle changes, meds (dependent on cause) or endoscopic surgery
2. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD):
Chronic disease that occurs when the esophageal sphincter relaxes
Causes or Risk Factors:
Frequent acid reflux, obesity, pregnancy, smoking and diabetes
Symptoms:
Chest/heart burn, difficulty swallowing, dry cough and a sore throat
Description:
Allows the contents of the stomach to move back into the esophagus
Treatment Options:
Over the counter meds, prescribed meds, and surgery
1. Cholecystitis:
Inflammation of the gallbladder
Causes or Risk Factors:
Primarily blockage of the gall duct by gallstones, digestive tumors, inflammation
Symptoms:
Tender abdomen, sweating, bloating, RUQ abdominal pain to the right shoulder and back
Description:
Stones on the gallbladder
Treatment Options:
Meds, fasting, antibiotics (cholecystectomy)
5. Colon Diseases
Colorectal Cancer
Causes or Risk Factors:
Other intestinal diseases, chemical exposure, surgical history, hereditary
Description:
Uncontrolled cell growth in the colon
Symptoms:
Change in bowel movements, blood stool and bloating
Treatment Options:
Surgery, radiation, therapy, chemo and meds
Hemorrhoids
Causes or Risk Factors:
Straining during bowel movement, obesity and chronic diarrhea
Symptoms:
Rectal bleeding, anal pain, lumps near anus and feces leakage
Description:
Inflamed veins in the rectum or anus
Treatment Options:
Meds, surgical removal and injections
Urinary System
2. Urinary Tract Infection:
Abnormal growth of bacteria along the urinary tract
Causes or Risk Factors:
Being sexually active, pregnancy, menopause or diabetes
Symptoms:
Burning when urinating, frequent urinating, pain/pressure in lower pelvic area or cloudy urine
Description:
Very common in women
Treatment Options:
Antibiotics, phenoazopyridine, or over the counter meds
3. Kidney Stones:
Stones within the kidneys
Causes or Risk Factors:
Too much calcium in the urine, acidic urine due to being overweight, neurological disorders or high cystine in urine
Symptoms:
Sharp pain/cramping, intense need to urinate, burning feeling or blood in urine
Description:
High levels of minerals and salts
Treatment Options:
Wait for the stones to pass, meds or surgery
1. Bladder Cancer:
Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC)
Causes or Risk Factors:
No real cause, smoking/inhaling tobacco, workplace chemicals or radiation
Symptoms:
Blood in the urine, frequent urination, or pain when urinating
Description:
One or more tumors in the bladder
Treatment Options:
Prescribed meds, surgery or chemo
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
2. Colon:
Consists of the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid regions
3. Rectum:
A straight section of the large intestine, which lies next to the sacrum
1.Cecum:
A pouch at the beginning of the large intestine with the appendix projecting downward from it
4. Anal canal:
Opens to the outside as the anus; guarded by an involuntary internal anal sphincter and a voluntary external anal sphincter
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Stomach
1. Cardiac:
A small region near opening to the esophagus
2. Fundus:
A small rounded region superior to the cardia
3. Body Region:
Main portion of the stomach, between the fundus and pylorus
4. Pylorus:
Distal portion, near the small intestine
GI Tract
2. Submucosa:
Nourishes the surrounding layers of the canal and vessels transport absorbed nutrients away from digestive organs
3. Muscularis:
Consists or two layers of smooth muscle, (inner) circular layer and (outer) longitudinal layer
1. Mucosa: Inner layer
, surrounds the lumen of the tube, protects the tissues of the canal, carries on secretion/absorption of dietary nutrients & increases surface area
4. Serosa: Outer serous layer or visceral peritoneum
, protects underlying tissues and secretes serous fluid to reduce friction between organs
Major organs of the digestive system
Pancreas:
Both an endocrine and exocrine gland, produces pancreatic juice that aids in digestion
Liver:
Maintains proper blood concentrations of glucose/other nutrients, stores glycogen, vitamins and iron, synthesizes lipoproteins, phospholipids and cholesterol
Stomach:
J-shaped muscular organ in upper left abdominal; quadrant, receives food, mixes it with digestive juices, begins digestion of proteins, propels food to small intestine
Gallbladder:
Stores bile between meals and reabsorbs water to concentrate the bile
Tongue:
Thick muscular organ composed of skeletal muscle covered by a mucous membrane that helps move food
Small Intestine:
Receives chyme/pancreatic juice, finishes digestion, absorbs digestive end products and transports residue to the large intestine
Large Intestine:
Absorbs water & electrolytes, forms & stores feces
Major organs of the urinary systems
b) Ureters:
Muscular tube that conveys urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
Begins as the funnel-shaped renal pelvis
Due to the angel at which they enter the urinary bladder, the wall of the bladder acts as a one-way valve
c) Urinary Bladder:
Hollow, distensible, muscular organ lying in the pelvic cavity
a) Stores urine and excretes it through the urethra
b) Portion of the lower bladder forms the internal urethral sphincter
a) Kidneys:
A reddish brown, bean shaped organ that´s about 12 cm long
Renal Medulla:
Consists of cone-shaped structures
Renal Cortex:
Surrounds the renal medulla, and has a granular appearance due to renal corpuscles which are a part of the
[nephrons]
[Nephrons]
Functional unit of the kidney that can produce urine independently, there are about 1,000,000 nephrons per kidney
a) Regulate the volume, composition and pH of body fluids
b) Remove metabolic wastes from the blood in the process, forming urine
c) Help control the rate of red blood cell formation
d) Urethra:
Tubular organ that transports urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
[Males]
Much longer, serves both the urinary and reproductive systems and it runs through the prostate gland and penis
Contains internal urethral sphincter (smooth muscle) and external urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle)
[Females]
4 cm long, opening between the vaginal opening and the clitoris
Major functions of the urinary system
2) Helps maintain a normal concentration of electrolytes and water
3) Regulates pH and body fluid volume
1) Filters salts and wastes from the blood
4) Helps control red blood cell production and blood pressure
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Renal Corpuscle
Filtration structure in renal cortex, performs 1st step in urine formation, consists of cluster capillaries (the glomerulus and a glomerular capsule)
Renal Tubule
Glomerular capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Nephron loop (descending and ascending limbs)
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
Structure
:star: Functional unit of kidney; can produce urine independently
There are about one million nephrons per kidney
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
3. Pancreatic Amylase:
(Pancreas) breaks down starch into disaccharides
5. Proteolytic Enzymes:
(Pancreas) breaks down proteins or partially digested proteins into peptides
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase
2. Pepsin:
(Gastric chief cells) begins protein digestion
6. Nucleases:
(Pancreas) breaks down nucleic acids into nucleotides
1. Salivary Amylase:
(Salivary glands) begins carbohydrate digestion by breaking down starch to disaccharides
4. Pancreatic Lipase:
(pancreas) breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
7. Peptidase:
(Intestinal mucosal cells) breaks down peptides into amino acids
8. Sucrase, Maltase, Lactase:
(Intestinal mucosal cells) breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides
9. Intestinal Lipase:
(Intestinal mucosal cells) breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
10. Enterokinase:
(Intestinal mucosal cells) converts trypsinogen into trypsin