Natalie Valdivia
Period: 3
Digestive & Urinary System

Major organs of the urinary systems

Major functions of the urinary system

Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)

Major organs of the digestive system

Nephron anatomy and physiology

Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems

Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule

Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)

Major functions of the digestive system

Regulates pH and body fluid volume

Helps control red blood cell production and blood pressure

Helps maintain normal concentrations of electrolytes and water

Filters salts and wastes from the blood

Ureters

Urinary bladder

Kidneys

Urethra

filter the blood

transports urine from kidneys to bladder

stores urine

conveys urine to the outside of the body

Mouth

Stomach

Gallbladder

Liver

Large Intestine

Salivary gland

Small Intestine

Pancreas

Esophagus

Breaks down food into nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

Food particle can also go into the blood

carries out the process of digestion

Mechanical digestion: breaks down large pieces of food into smaller ones

Chemical digestion : breaks down large nutrient molecules into smaller chemicals, by breaking chemical bonds

alimentary canal is the tract that help with the disgestion

Digestion:mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods and absorption of nutrients

recieves food and begins mechanic digestion through mastication

moistens and dissolves food particles , binds then together, helps cleanse the mouth and teeth, and begins crbohydrate digestion

muscular tube leading from the pharynx to stomach

Extends downward through an opening in the diaphragm

Lower esophageal (cardiac, cardioesophageal) sphincter helps to prevent regurgitation of the stomach contents into the
esophagus

Receives food from esophagus

Mixes food with digestive juices

Begins digestion of proteins

Limited absorption of nutrients occurs in stomach

produce pancreatic juice that aids digestion

Responsible for many metabolic activities, such as the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

Stores glycogen, vitamins A, D, and B12, and iron

Filter the blood

long tubular organ that runs from the
stomach to the beginning of the large intestine

Receives chyme from stomach

Receives pancreatic juice from pancreas and bile from liver and
gallbladder

Finishes digestion of nutrients that arrive in the chyme

diameter is larger
than that of the small intestine

Absorbs water and electrolytes, and forms and stores feces

the large intestine consists of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal

Stores bile between meals and reabsorbs water to concentrate the bile

Pancreatic lipase

**Proteolytic enzymes
(a) Trypsin
(b) Chymotrypsin
(c) Carboxypeptidase

Pancreatic amylase

Nucleases

Pepsin

Peptidase

Salivary amylase

Sucrase, maltase, lactase

Intestinal lipase

Enterokinase

Begins carbohydrate digestion by breaking
down starch to disaccharides

Begins protein digestion

Breaks down starch into disaccharides

Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

Pancreas Break down proteins or partially digested
proteins into peptides

Break down nucleic acids into nucleotides

Breaks down peptides into amino acids

Break down disaccharides into
monosaccharides

Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

Converts trypsinogen into trypsin

submucosa

muscularis propria

mucosa

serosa

structure

Functional unit of kidney; can produce urine independently

About one million nephrons per kidney

Consists of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule

glomerulus

Glomerular capsule

proximal convoluted tubule

nephron loop (descending limb)

nephron loop (ascending limb)

distal convoluted tubule

collecting duct

minor calyx

major calyx

renal pelivs

ureter

urinnary bladder

urethra

Renal tubule consists of the following parts, in this order:

Nephron loop (descending and ascending limbs)

Distal convoluted tubule

Proximal convoluted tubule

Collecting duct

Glomerular capsule

proteins

nucleic acids

carbohydrates

Lipids

Cholecystitis

description

it is an inflammation of the gallbladder

causes or risk factors

-blockage of the gall duct by gallstones
-digestive tumors
-galllstones

symptoms

-tender abdomen
-vomiting
-fever

Treatment options

-medication
-fasting
-cholecystectomy

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

description

occurs when the esophagal sphincter relaxes

causes or risk factors

-frequent acid reflux
-weakened esophageal sphincter
-smoking

symptoms

-chest pain
-difficulty swallowing
-acid reflux

treatment options

-over the counter medication
-surgery
-perscribed medication

Inflammatory Bowel Diease (IBD)

it is a chronic complex intestinal condition

Peptic Ulcer

sore that develop in the lining of the stomach or the duodenum

Colon disease

Diverticultis

pouches form on the wall of the colon

Hemorrhoid

inflamed veins in the rectum and anus

Bladder cancer

body cells grow out of control

Unrinary Tract Infection (UTI)

it is the abdominal growth of bacteria anywhere along the urinary tract combined with symptoms

Kidney stones

urine contains many dissolved minerals and salt. when the urine has high levels of minerals and salts, hard stones can form