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Hazards case studies - Coggle Diagram

- - - - April 14th was 10-20 times more powerful
        
        much more explosive
        
        violent eruptions belches huge quantities of ash into the atmosphere
    - - 920
      - 1612
      - 1821
      - 1823
  - - - conservative plate margin
      - separating North american plate and Eurasian plate
      - moving apart due to ridge push
  - - - covers areas of 100sqkm
      - feeds outlet glaciers
      - build up pressure underneath
    - - setlled weather patterns
      - fine ash
      - persisitent eruption of 39 days
      - wind blowing towards europe
  - - - 700 people evacuated 3 times in the past month
      - flash floods too
    - - mobilised volunteers, staff and volunteer
      - provided food and counselling
    - - Function Airspace blocks
      - 9 replacing exiting 27 areas
      - means future eruption have less risk of closing all air space
  - - - substantial disruption to European air traffic
        
        lost airlines £130m per day due to no fly zone
        
        share in airlines dropped 2-3%
        
        cancellation of thousands of flights
      - imports and exports impacted
      - no overall net trade position affected tho
    - - sporting events cancelled or affected due to cancelled flights
      - fresh food imports stopped
      - industries affected by lack of raw materials
      - local water supplies contaminated with fluoride
      - flooding caused as the glacier melted
    - - e.g Kenya
        
        laid off 5000 workers after flowers and vegetables left rotting at airports
        
        lost $1.3m a day
        
        97% of flower exports to europe
        
        is the countries top foreign exchanger
    - - prevented 2.8 million tonnes of CO2 into the amtmosphere
      - rise of a third with nearly 50 thousand extra passengers on Eurostar trains
      - iron dissolved into the north atlantic into the north atlantic
        
        plankton boom
        
        increase in biological productivity
      - increase in tourism
        
        Inspried by iceland
        
        set up to depict beauty, friendliness and businesses
- - - - 3km/s s waves
      - 6km/s p waves
    - - reaches 10km in
      - sudden uplift displace ocean floor and displaced above the plate by 5-10m
  - - - eventually strain energy overcame frictional force
      - caused plate to bunce
      - energy released caused earthquake
  - - - 32 bridges
      - 700 000 damaged buildings
      - 130 000 collapsed buidligns
      - coastline walls iineffective as earthquake caused ground to sink
      - motorway repaired in 6 days
  - - - rated 7 on INEs scale
      - release of 940 PBq
      - no deaths but over 100 000 evacuated
  - - - taller sea wall
      - aseismic building techniques
      - further investment in earthquake monitoring
      - total cost o f reconstruction
        
        23 trillion yen over 10 years
        
        governement intends to provide around 13 over the first 5 years
    - - Vast monitoring systems
        
        trained population on emergency actions
        
        10m walls surrounding coastlines
        
        warning issues via TV and phones
- - - - size
      - frequency
        
        wildfires aren't common in alberta
        
        residents surprised and unprepared
      - population density
        
        Alberta is the 4th most populated province
        
        large population and therfore more panic
        
        difficult to escape due to overcrowding
  - - - social
        
        2400 buildings burnt down
        
        15% of all structure burnt down
        
        electricity cut off for 2 weeks
      - environmental
        
        230 000 hectares burnt in 2 days
        
        recovery took longer due to mix of boreal, aspen, spruce and peatland forests
        
        million of tonnoes CO2 released
        
        moblised contaminates like mercury or lead from cares and houses to make smoke more toxic
        
        smoke traveled along the gulf coast
      - economic
        
        9 major oil compaies had to close
        
        600 oil work camp units destroyed
        
        $9 billion dollars in damage
    - - social
        
        firefighter used untreated water to fight the fire so contaminated the water supply
        
        bits of ash and stuff leeched into water too
      - environmental
        
        toxic surge into Athabasca river after the first rainfall
        
        huge amounts of toxic ash and waste to be dispoed of
      - economic
        
        1/3 of all canada's oil output lost
  - - - may 1st 2016
      - lasted for 2 months
      - started to be controlled by June 5th
    - - very hot in summer
      - very cold in winter
  - - - 90 000 people evacuated from Fort Mcmurray
      - aircraft used to evacuate oil sad workers
      - Alberta government declared a state of emergency
      - neighbouring state provided helicopters water and forefighter
      - $1250 per adult and $500 per dependent to cover livig from Alberta goverment
      - in Edmonton an online registry was created to aid with accommodation
    - - red cross donated $50 million
      - review of reposnes released 13 months after fire
      - In june resident were allowed to return and rebuild
      - at the end of June a concert was held in Edmonton to raise money for fire aid
        
        omg they got Nickelback
  - - - 12 month drought beforehand
      - brush was very flammable
      - A thick layer on top that could be extinguished prevented a bottom layer from extiguishing so it kept setting back alight
      - very little snow in the winter- didn't keep the ground moist
      - very high temperatues in recent days
      - strong south eastrely wind
        
        provided oxygen
        
        blew cinders downwind to spread fire
    - - canadian police know it didn't start naturally but are unsure ehwther it was an accident or not
      - could have been a cigarette, lighter, barbecue etc
- - - - Catgegory 3 as it hit Mississippi
    - - over the bahamas
      - strengthened over warm water over Gulf of Mexico
  - - - heavy rains and high wind speeds of 280km/h
      - 7m storn surge
  - - - Global warming
        
        higher sea temperatue
      - Gulf Coast
        
        one of the worl'd main hurricane zones
      - New Orleans
        
        Prone to flooding
        
        Levee system failed udring storm & only able to withstand category 3 hurricanes
        
        80% of the city flooded
    - - New Orleans
        
        not densely populated
        
        80% living in poverty
        
        not built to correct standard due to poor leadership
        
        only 600 000 evacuated due to slow response
        
        many trapped in city due to traffic/no transport
        
        150 000 remained
  - - - social
        
        1800 deaths
        
        600 000 evacuated
        
        25 000 to the superdome
        
        poor saniatation
        
        no electricity
        
        no roof
        
        Poorer peolpe most effected
        
        lived closer to levees
        
        deprivaiton/high unemployment
        
        no access to transport/bus
        
        primarily non white people
      - economic
        
        200 000 home/businesses destroyed
        
        $200 billion damage
      - Environmental
        
        80% of new Orleans flooded
    - - Environmental
        
        flooding
        
        oil spills
        
        prices shot up
        
        sewage brought up
        
        polluted water supply
        
        Damaged coastal habitats/salt marches
      - Social
        
        bridge collapsed
        
        many trapped in the city
      - Economic
        
        no tourism
        
        looting
  - - - monitoring systems tracked path
      - compulsory evacuation
      - supplies and helicopter/boats positioned around areas likely to be hit
      - president slow to delare state of emergency
      - $50bn from federal reserves and aid from other countries
    - - national aid
        
        FEMA paid for 25 000 mobile homes
        
        $900m of virtually unused buildings
        
        criticized for slow response
      - rebuilidng damaged buildings
      - raised levees anf loodwalls to withstand cat 5 storms
      - expanded satellite network to better predict storms
    - - negatives
        
        insufficient planning for the event
        
        slow aid
        
        failure of public transport and mainteneace of levees
        
        bridge collapsed
      - positives
        
        prepped through advanced warning and monitoring systems
        
        large supply of resources
- - - - Winds 314km/h
      - wave height of 15m
  - - - social
        
        50% of houses destroyed
        
        4.1 million homeless
        
        6 200 died
      - environmental
        
        oil barge ran aground causing a 800 000 litre oil leak
        
        400 mm of rainfall caused flooding
        
        1.1m tonnes of crops destroyed
      - economic
        
        damage to rice crops cost $53m to the UN
        
        75% of farmers and fishermen lost their income
        
        $12 billion damage
    - - Social
        
        infection and diseases spread due to contaminated surface and groundwater
        
        8 deaths in a stampeded for rice rations
        
        power suppllies cut off for a month
        
        schools destroyed affecting education
      - economic
        
        fishing industry was disrupted as the leaked oil from the barge contaminate fishing waters
        
        airport badly damaged and roads blocked by trees and debris
        
        looting due to lack of food and supplies
        
        rice prices raised 12% by 2014
      - environmental
        
        10 hectares of mangroves contaminated by oil barge
        
        flooding caused landslides
  - - - 800 000 evacuated
      - most fled to tacloban stadium
      - over 1200 evacuation centers set up to aid the homeless
      - government imposed a curfew 2 days after the typhoon to reduce looting
      - emergencey aid supplies arrived 3 days later by plane
      - within 2 weeks 1 million food packs and 250 000 litres of water distibuted
    - - more than $1.5 billion pledged in foreign aid
      - Cash for work program paid people to clear debris and rebuild the city
      - Oxfam replaced the fishing boats
      - Build back better program implemented to rebuild and upgrade buildings for the future
      - no build zone established in Eastern visayas
      - more typhoon shelters built
      - mangroves replanted
  - - - disaster kits can be supplied and prepared
      - ensure vehicles are fuelled
      - know where evacuation centers are
      - Plan routes and escapes
    - - satellites monitor cloud patterns associated with tropical storms
      - NASA monitors weather patterns across Atlantic in 2 unmanned aircraft
      - Global Precipitation Measurement satellite monitors high altitude rainclouds every 3 hours indidcateing if a TRS will start in the next 24 hours
    - - supercomputers give 5 days warning and predict a location within 400km
      - track forecast comes plot thr TRS's prdicted path
      - 70% occur within the cone
      - early warnings issued by national hurricane centre around the world
    - - reinforce buildings
      - develop coastal flood defences
      - create no build zones in low lying areas
- - - - between North american plate and Caribbean plate
  - - - 300 000 injured
      - 1 million homeless
      - 230 000 killed
    - - 250 000 buildings destroyed
      - 30 000 commercial buildings collapsed
  - - - Red Cross sent a convoy of trucks to aid the people
      - 50 bed hospitals set up
      - UK disaster commitee donated 23 million
      - USA aircraft carrying rescue teams and aircraft carriers and thousands of soldiers
    - - haitian refugees to enter the dominican republic and snegal
      - EU donated $330 million to Haiti
      - $1.1 billion raised
      - Uk government gave £20 million