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Dulce Zavaleta The Digestive & Urinary System Period 5 - Coggle Diagram
Dulce Zavaleta The Digestive & Urinary System Period 5
Major functions of the digestive system
The major functions of the Digestive System is to take in food, break it down into nutrient molecules, absorb molecules into the bloodstream, and lastly to get rid of any indigestible remains.
Major functions of the urinary system
The major functions of the urinary system is to regulate total water volume and total solute concentration in water, excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, and drugs. The main idea is the urinary system removes wastes from blood in the form of urine.
Major organs of the digestive system
The digestive organs consist of the Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, large intestine, Anus Canal, Anus, Salivary Glands, Liver, Gallbladder, and pancreas.
Mouth: Used for eating and speaking.
Stomach: store and digest the food and liquid consumed.
Gallbladder: Stores bile.
Pharynx: Allows solids and liquids into the esophagus.
Esophagus: Transports food from mouth to stomach.
Small intestine:Helps further digest food.
large intestine: Absorbs water and electrons and forms feces.
Anus Canal: Get rid of feces.
Anus: Removes feces from the body.
Salivary Glands: Allow for mastication, swallowing and speech.
Liver: Stores vitamins and supports metabolism.
Pancreas: Make Pancreatic juices.
Major organs of the urinary systems
The major organs of the Urinary system consist of the aorta, the rectum, Urinary bladder, urethra, ureter, kidney, inferior vena cava, renal vein, and the renal artery.
Aorta: Carries blood away from the heart.
Urinary bladder: Stores urine.
Urethra: Removes the urine from the body.
Ureter: transports urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder.
Kidney: Removes waste and extra fluid from the body.
inferior vena cava: Carried blood into the ureter.
renal vein: Carries blood from kidney.
renal artery: Supplies blood to kidney and to its adrenal gland or the ureter.
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
Amylase: Is found in Saliva and basically Amylase begins the breakdown of starch.
Pepsin: Breakdown of proteins into peptides and into smaller groups of amino acids.
Lipases: Digest Lipids. So it breaks down fat into fatty acids.
Lacteal: Used for absorption
Lactase: Breaks down lactose.
Maltase: breaking down maltose
Surcease: Breaks down sucrose.
Trypsin: Breaks down multiple nutrients.
Brush border enzymes: Used for the last stage of carbohydrate and protein digestion.
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Carbohydrate Digestion: The site of digestion usually occurs in the mouth and the small intestine. Absorption includes glucose and galactose are absorbed via cotransport with Na+, Fructose passes via facilitated diffusion, and lastly all Monosaccharides leave the epithelial cells via the facilitated diffusion and will enter the capillary blood in the Villi and which are then transported to the liver through the hepatic portal vein.
Protein DIgestion: The site of Protein digestion includes the Stomach and the small intestine. The path of absorption includes amino acids are absorbed via cotransport with Na+, A few dipeptides and tripeptides are absorbed via cotransport with H+ and hydrolyzed to the amino acids within the cells, and lastly amino acids leave the epithelial cells by facilitated diffusion enter the capillary blood in the villi and are transported to the liver through the hepatic portal vein.
Fat Digestion: The site of fat digestion includes the mouth, stomach, and the small intestine. The path of absorption includes Fatty acids and monoglycerides entering the intestinal cells through diffusion. Fatty acids and monoglycerides are recombined to form triglycerides and then combined with the other lipids and proteins within the cells and result in chylomicrons and are extruded by exocytosis. The Chylomicrons will then enter the lacteals of the vill and then are transported to the systemic circulation via the lymph in the thoracic duct. Lastly short-chain fatty acids are absorbed, move into the capillary blood and move into the capillary blood in the Villi through diffusion and are transported through the hepatic portal vein to the liver.
Nucleic Acid Digestion: The site of action occurs in the small intestine. The absorption process includes the units that enter the intestinal cells by active transport via membrane carriers. Lastly the units are absorbed into the capillary blood in the villi and are transported to the liver through the hepatic portal vein.
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
The layers of the GI tract and the stomach include the Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, and Serosa.
Mucosa
The Tunic layer that lines the lumen and functions to secrete mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones, absorbs end products of digestion, and lastly protects against infectious disease.
Submucosa
Is areolar connective tissue and contains blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, and submucosal nerve plexus that supplies the surrounding GI tract. The function includes to help organs regain shape after storing a large meal.
Muscularis Externa
Is an inner circular muscle layer and outer longitudinal layers and the circular layer thickens in some areas to form sphincters. The function is that it is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis.
Serosa
Is the outermost layer that consists of the visceral peritoneum.
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Nephrons are a functional unit that forms urine in the kidneys and has two main parts which include the Renal Corpuscle and the Renal Tubule.
The Renal Corpuscle: has two parts
Collecting Ducts
Collecting ducts receive filtrate from many nephrons and the ducts fuse together to deliver urine through the papillae into minor calyces. These ducts have two main cells, principal cells and intercalated cells. Principal cells maintain water and Na+ balance while Intercalated cells are cuboidal cells with abundant microvilli.
Glomerulus: Is tuft of capillaries that is composed of fenestrated endothelium and allows for efficient filtrate formation and what filtrating is, is a plasma-derived fluid that renal tubules process to form urine.
Glomerular Capsule: Is also known as Bowman’s capsule which us a hollow structure that surrounds the glomerulus. What it does is that the extensions end in the foot processes that cling to the basement membrane. Also filtration slits between foot processes allow filtrate to pass into the capsular space.
Renal Tubule
Renal Tubule is a single layer of epithelial cells that has 3 major parts which include proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule: Is made of cuboidal cells with dense microvilli that forms the brush border. The function is in reabsorption and secretion and is confined to the cortex.
Nephron Loop: Known as the Loop of Henle and has 2 limbs
Descending Limb: Is the proximal part of the descending limb is continuous with proximal tubule while the distal portion is called the descending thin limb.
Ascending Limb: Thick ascending limb and is thin in some nephrons.
Distal Convoluted Tubule: Is made from cuboidal cells with very few microvilli and its function is in secretion and reabsorption and is also confined to the cortex.
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Cholecystitis: Is an inflamed gallbladder and a cause can be gallstones and diet. Treatment options include medication and antibiotics.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease: a chronic disease that occurs when the esophageal sphincter relaxes the contents. The causes consist of smoking and asthma. The treatment options consist of surgery and medication.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A chronic intestinal condition that causes inflammation in the digestive tract that includes crohn's disease. The cause consists of Genetics. Lastly The treatment options consist of medication and antibiotic.
Peptic Ulcers: Stores that develop in the lining of the stomach Causes include smoking and stress. Lastly treatment options includes Medication and a lifestyle change.
Hemorrhoids: Inflamed veins in the rectum or anus. Causes include Obesity and pregnancy. Lastly treatment options consist of medication and an injection.
Bladder cancer: When cells of the bladder grow abnormally. Causes consist of smoking and radiation. Lastly Treatment options consist of cancer drugs and a Ureterostomy.
Kidney Stones: Hard stones formed from minerals and salts. Causes consist of Acidic urine and too much calcium and urine. Lastly treatment options consist of surgery and medication.
Urinary Tract Infection: Abnormal growth of bacteria anywhere along the urinary Tract. Causes include sexually active women and pregnant women. Lastly treatment options include antibiotics and medication.