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HUMAN SYSTEMS, Unknown - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The epidermis is the outermost layer, providing a barrier to the outside environment and producing a waterproof, protective layer. The dermis is the middle layer and contains blood vessels, nerves, and other structures such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The subcutaneous tissue, also known as the hypodermis, is the deepest layer and consists of fat cells and connective tissue.
- - - - Muscles are made up of individual muscle fibers, which are long, thin cells that are capable of contracting and relaxing. These muscle fibers are organized into bundles called fascicles, which are further organized into larger muscle groups. The contraction of muscle fibers is controlled by nerve impulses that originate in the brain and spinal cord and travel to the muscle via nerves.
- - - - The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in defending the body against infection and disease. When pathogens such as bacteria or viruses enter the body, they can be carried to the lymph nodes, where they are attacked and destroyed by immune cells. Lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, are produced in the bone marrow and travel throughout the lymphatic system, helping to identify and destroy harmful pathogens.
- - - - The trachea, also known as the windpipe, is a tube that extends from the larynx into the chest and is surrounded by cartilage rings that help keep it open. The trachea branches off into the left and right bronchi, which in turn branch off into smaller bronchioles. The bronchioles end in tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
        
        The lungs are two large, spongy organs that fill most of the chest cavity. They are surrounded by a thin layer of tissue called the pleura, which helps to protect and cushion them. The lungs are responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide through the process of breathing.
        The respiratory system also includes accessory structures such as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, which help to facilitate breathing by expanding and contracting the chest cavity. Overall, the respiratory system plays a vital role in the body's ability to maintain homeostasis by regulating the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.
- - - - In the small intestine, the majority of nutrient absorption occurs. Here, the food is mixed with digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas and bile produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. These enzymes and bile help to break down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates into their component parts, which can then be absorbed into the bloodstream and transported throughout the body.
- - - - The nervous system is made up of billions of specialized cells called neurons. These cells communicate with one another and with other cells in the body through electrical and chemical signals, allowing the nervous system to regulate and respond to a wide range of stimuli.
        
        The CNS plays a key role in processing and interpreting sensory information, controlling movement and coordination, and regulating many involuntary functions such as heart rate and respiration. The brain is also responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thought, memory, and emotion
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        The PNS consists of two main branches: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system is responsible for controlling voluntary movements and transmitting sensory information from the body to the CNS. The autonomic nervous system is responsible for regulating many involuntary functions such as heart rate, breathing, and digestion.
- - - - The pituitary gland, often referred to as the "master gland," plays a key role in regulating the activity of other endocrine glands. It produces hormones that control the release of hormones from other glands, as well as hormones that regulate growth and development, water balance, and reproductive function.
        
        The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development. The adrenal glands produce hormones that regulate stress response and salt and water balance. The pancreas produces hormones that regulate blood sugar levels, while the gonads produce hormones that regulate reproductive function and sexual development.
- - - - The blood vessels are a network of tubes that carry blood throughout the body. Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart and to the rest of the body, while veins carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart. Capillaries are small, thin-walled vessels that connect the arteries and veins and allow for the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the blood and the body's tissues.
        
        The blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is a liquid component that contains nutrients, hormones, and other essential substances. Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues, while white blood cells are part of the body's immune system and help to fight infection. Platelets help to form blood clots and stop bleeding.
- - - - The bladder is a muscular organ that stores urine until it is excreted from the body. When the bladder is full, it sends a signal to the brain, which triggers the urge to urinate. The urine is then excreted from the body through the urethra, a tube that extends from the bladder to the outside of the body.
- - - - In females, the reproductive system includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina. The ovaries are two small, almond-shaped organs located on either side of the uterus that produce and release eggs. The fallopian tubes are two thin tubes that extend from the ovaries to the uterus and serve as a site for fertilization to occur. The uterus is a muscular organ that can expand to accommodate a growing fetus during pregnancy. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina, and the vagina is a muscular canal that connects the cervix to the outside of the body.