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Instruction Sets: Characteristics and Functions - Coggle Diagram
Instruction Sets:
Characteristics and Functions
Instruction Set
Binary
Usually represented by assembly codes
Machine Code
Kumpulan instruksi lengkap
yang dipahami oleh CPU
Elements of an Instruction
Source Operand reference
Result Operand reference
Operation code (Op code)
Next Instruction Reference
Where have all the Operands Gone?
CPU register
Immediate (on the operand itself)
Main memory (or virtual memory or
cache)
I/O device
Instruction Representation
Untuk konsumsi manusia,simbolik
representasi digunakan
Operands dapat direpresentasikan dalam hal ini
jalan
Dalam kode mesin setiap instruksi memiliki
pola bit yang unik
Simple Instruction Format
Operand Reference : 6 bits
Operand Reference : 6 bits
Opcode:4 bits
Instruction Types
Data storage (main memory)
Data movement (I/O)
Data processing
Program flow control
How Many Addresses
More addresses (CISC)
Fewer addresses (RISC)
Design Decisions
Data types
Instruction formats
Operation repertoire
Registers
Addressing modes
RISC vs CISC
Types of Operand
Numbers
Character
Addresses
Logical Data
x86 Data Types
16 bit word
32 bit double word
8 bit Byte
64 bit quad word
128 bit double quadword
Addressing is by 8 bit unit
Words do not need to align at evennumbered address
Data accessed across 32 bit bus in units of double word read at addresses divisible by 4
Little endian
SIMD Data Types
Packed word and packed word integer
Packed doubleword and packed doubleword integer
Packed byte and packed byte integer
Packed quadword and packed qaudword integer
Integer types
Packed single-precision floating-point and packed double- precision floating-point
ARM Data Types
Halfword and word accesses should be word aligned
Nonaligned access alternatives
8 (byte), 16 (halfword), 32 (word) bits
Unsigned integer interpretation supported for all types
Twos-complement signed integer interpretation supported for all
types
Majority of implementations do not provide floating-point hardware
ARM Endian Support
E-bit in system control register
Under program control
Types of Operation
Conversion
Conversion
Logical
I/O
Arithmetic
System Control
Data Transfer
Transfer of Control
Data Transfer
Register to register transfer
Transfer involving memory
Specify
Amount of data
Destination
Source
Logical
AND, OR, NOT, XOR, XNOR, etc.
Shift & rotate
Bitwise operations
Revisit your notes about Digital System!
Input/Output
May be done using data movement
instructions (memory mapped)
May be done by a separate controller
(DMA)
May be specific instructions
Systems Control
CPU needs to be in specific state
For operating systems use
Privileged instructions
Access to process control blocks in a
multiprogramming system
Transfer of Control
Branch
Skip
We know the importance of these
operations
Subroutine call
Byte Order Names
Little-endian
Big-endian