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Streetcar - Theories - Coggle Diagram
Streetcar - Theories
Grice's 4 maxims (1975)
Quality - truthful
Quantity - information
Relation - relevance
Manner - clarity
Goffman - Facework Theory 1955
A speaker can use the power gained from knowledge to either support or humiliate
Face-threatening acts - insults, denting their face, reduce or harm their status, you can repair or dent back
Enhancing positive face - other person allows you to maintain a high status, compliment, maintaining face is opposite to denting face
Protecting negative face - avoiding a direct confrontation, observing their right not to be imposed upon, 'sorry to disturb you, i know you are very busy'
Beattie - Speaker Switch Theory (1983)
Smooth speaker switch - exchange of turns, no simultaneous speech, first speakers turn is complete
Simple interruption - exchange of turns, simultaneous speech present, first speakers turn incomplete
Overlap - exchange of turns, simultaneous speech present, first speakers turn reaches completion
Butting-in interruption - no exchange of turns, simultaneous speech present
Barbara Korte - body language (1997)
Haptics - touching another person eg holding, kissing, shaking
Kinesics - gestures, posture, eye and facial movements due to feelings and emotions eg trembling
Proxemics - movement in relation to another characters personal space eg moving closer to, further away from
Brown and Levinson - Politeness Theory 1987
In different social situations, we are obligated to adjust our use of words to fit the occasion. Politeness strategies are developed in order to save the hearers 'face'. You try to avoid embarrassing the other person or making them feel uncomfortable. Face Threatening Acts are acts that infringe on the hearers need to maintain his/her self-esteem and be respected. Politeness strategies are developed for the main purpose of dealing with Face Threatening Acts
Bald on Record - no effort to reduce impact. Shock/embarrass the person. People who know each other
Positive politeness - groups of friends, people who know each other fairly well, minimise their social distance, friendliness, respect
Negative politeness - imposing on them, intruding on their space, some social distance or awkwardness
Off record (indirect) - removing yourself from any imposition whatsoever
Austin (1962) and Searle (1975) - Speech Act Theory
Austin
A locutionary act - the performance of an utterance: the actual utterance and its surface meaning
An illocutionary act - the pragmatic, intended meaning of the utterance, its significance and force in its particular context
A perlocutionary act - the utterances actual effect on the hearer such as persuading, convincing, scaring, enlightening, inspiring or otherwise getting them to do or realise something whether intended or not
Searle
Assertive - commit a speaker to the truth of what they are saying (statement)
Directives - cause the hearer to take particular action, like requests, command and advice
Commissive - commit a speaker to doing some future action likes promises and oaths
Expressive - express the speaker's attitudes and emotions eg congratulations, excuses and thanks
Declaratives - change the reality of the situation like baptisms, pronouncing someone husband and wife
Howard Giles - Accommodation theory 1971
Suggests that we adjust our speech to accommodate, or to suit, the other participants in the conversation. The relationships of the speakers in a conversation may result in convergence or divergence
Convergence
A speaker's style of speech moves closer to that of another person in order to reduce the social distance between them. A speaker may adjust their line to use language already being used by the other participant in the conversation. Could involve lexical choice, accent, syntactic structures, prosodic delivery, etc.
Downward convergence - adapts lower social status language
Upward convergence - lower status adopts high status characteristics
Mutual convergence - both speakers converge their language (meet in the middle)
Divergence
Speakers styles of speech move further apart, increasing social distance