Biology revision
MRS NERG
Movement
respiration
sensitivity
nutrition
reproduction
growth
transpiration
When the plant opens its stomata to let in carbon dioxide, water on the surface of the cells of the spongy mesophyll and palisade mesophyll evaporates and diffuses out of the leaf.
plant cell
animal cell
cell wall
cell membrance
choroplast
nuclues
vacuole
Phloem
xylem
Osmosis
the process in which water transfer from a high water concentration to a lower water concentration, through the partially permeable membrane
what affects osmosis
Factors that affect transpiration
types of organism
Translocation
Eutrophication
cell membrane
experiments
detriivores
Photosynthesis
Plants nutrition
magnisum
potassium
nitrates
Phosphates
nucleus
water cycle
Diffusion
nitrogen cycle
carbon cycle
function
transfer water and glucose
two way
specialised cells
spem cell
root hair cell
egg cell
red blood cell
white blood cell
palisade cell
one way
function
transfer water
adaptation
leaf structure
stomata
palisade cell
spongy mesophyll layer
xylem
phloem
guard cell
effect of eutrophication
solution
deforstation
cause of deforestation
effects of deforestation
turgor Pressure
flaccid
turgid
plosmolysed
ecosystem
what limits the production in an ecosystem
energy transfer
what effects energy transfer
for every trophic level it goes energy is 1000 times less
organism that feeds and breaks down dead or decay organism
E.g. fungi, bacteria
where does the 90% of energy goes
lost to heat
the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar
factors that effect photosynthesis
chemical formula
what makes an ecosystem efficent
Enhance Greenhouse gases
solution
cause
effects
producers
heterotroph
autotroph
primary consumer
secondary consumer
tertiary consumer/Apex predators
herbivores
light intensity
temperature
CO2 level
carnivours
difference between osmosis and diffusion
food web
food chain
humidity
temperature
light intensity
air movement
how
how
how
how
lost in habiat
greenhouse gases
agricultural
land expansion
logging
fewer crops
increase in CO2 level
soluition
sustainable food
recyclable products
level of organisation
cell
tissue
oragn
organ system
organism
exertion
removal of waste
action to cause a change in position
ability to respond the the change in the envoriment
absorb energy, food and nutrients
makes more of the same kind of organism
change in bigger size
chemical reaction in which living cells release energy from glucose (food) by producing ATP
evaporation
surface runoff
condensation
transpiration
precipitation
infiltration
when water vapours falls to the ground
when water vapour condense from a form of gas to liquid
when water heats up and change the sate from water to water vapours
when water flows on the surface from streams and rivers
when water enters the ground
the process is which water is lost from plant cells
why does it exsist
when does it occurs
it can more easily access the carbon dioxide that it needs for photosynthesis.
too much excess water
when does it occurs
Osmosis occurs until the concentration gradient of water goes to zero or until the hydrostatic pressure of the water balances the osmotic pressure
does it occurs in the atmosphere
In air there is no semi permiable membrane. This is the reason why osmosis doesn't occur in atmosphere
where
only in plants
- Osmosis only occurs when a semi-permeable membrane is present, but diffusion can happen whether or not it is present.
why does osmosis only occurs when there is a semi permeable membrane
allows the movement of water molecules while preventing the movement of other solute molecules or ions
how do they affect a plant
upper epidermis
lower epidermis
the passive process in which the net movement of molecule from a higher concentration to a lower concentration until equilibrium is reached
where
when
anywhere
where
in cell, because they have a partially permeable membrane
temperature
passive, no energy is require
functions of osmosis to the ecosystem and plants
helps in stabilising the internal environment of the organism by balancing the levels of water and intracellular fluids
nutrients and minerals enter the cell by osmosis which is necessary for the survival of cells.
surface area
larger the area, better the osmosis
reduces the concentration gradient between the moist air around the leaves and the drier air inside the leaves, which slows down the diffusion of water molecules out of the leaves.
increase the kinetic energy of water molecules in the leaves, causing them to evaporate more quickly.
emoving the moist air around the leaves and replacing it with drier air
opening of stomata, which allows more water to evaporate from the leaves
how does the length of a plant affect the rate of transpiration
more leaves and a larger surface area provide more opportunities for water to evaporate from the plant and escape into the atmosphere.
deeper roots, can absorb more water for transpiration
decomposition
combnustion
respiration
fossilisation
Assimilation
movement of sugar produced in photosynthesis to all other parts of the plant for respiration and the other processes described above. This occurs in phloem cells.
where
phloem in plants
rough endoplasmic recticulum
control the opening and close of the of the stomata
control water loss of a plant
store water in vacoule
mitochondria
lysosome
goligo apparatus
package and transport fat and protein
absorb water and minerals from soil
anchoring plants
omnivores
when the molecules concentration gradient is disequilibrium
ribosome
respiration
Aerobic
Anaerobic
nitrogen fixation
difference between breathing and respiration
only eat grass, primary consumer
can provide their own food through photosynthesis
eat meat, secondary/tertiary
eat both meat and grass, secondary
muscle cell
nerve cells
adaptation
large surface are to absorb water
no chloroplast
photosynthesis
the process in which plants take in carbon dioxide, water and sun energy to produce glucose and oxygen
the break down of glucose through a chemical reaction and release carbon dixoide
respiration occurs mainly at night
6CO2+6H2O = C6H12O6 +6O2
denitrification
ammonification
the process in which takes in soil bacteria and produce ammonium
when organism absorb or consume nutrients
located at the bottom of a leaf
a thin layer of cell which prevents water lost
a thin long columns of cell tick tight together to stored water in the large vacuole
transport water and glucose
amount of cholorphyll
cytoplasm
low turgor pressure cause the membrane pulls the cell
turgor pressure is high, the water content push the cell walls
neutral
cytolysis
term the describe when a cell burst
cause by imbalance hypotonic solution
hypertonic solution
isotonic solution
hypotonic solution
growth
what cause osmosis imbalanced
temperature
solute concentration
burning fossil fuel
melting ice
rise in sea water level
reduce no-renewable energy
increase in average temperature
when factories release C)2
ocean uptake
uptake of Co2 in ocean
when bacteria and decomposers breaks won dead and decay organisms which release the co2 stored in them
when dead organism are compress in a hard form
combustion vs decomposition
decomposition is slower
while combustion is a constant and rapid process of burning and release co2
reduced in agricultural land
when a large amount of energy is transfer to the next trophic level
how global warming cause displacement in ecosystem
change in temperature
change in precipitation
efficient energy
reforestation
lost in biodiversity
precess in which nitrates are denitrified back to nitrogen
when changing from nitrogen to ammonium and nitrates in root nodules in legumes(beans, pea)
make chlororphyll
immune system
yellow leaves
stunted grwoth
dark leaves, stunted growth
energy tranfer
yellow leaves
can't photosynthesis
solution
give fertilisers with these certain nutrients
nitrates NO3
nitrites NO2
ammonium NH4
waxy cuticle
the top layer of a leave which prevent water loss
layer of cells with contains the stomata and guard cell
algae bloom
Extra nutrients cause increased growth of the aquatic plants/algae
blocks oxygen
unbalance biodiveristy
death of an ecosystem
death of aquatic organisms
control nutrients usage
excess nutrients from farm flushed down to lakes and rivers
Plant flourish which increase population of aquatic plants which cause algae bloom
Algae bloom, oxygen is block from accessing the water
decomposition further depletes oxygen, which uses more oxygen
oxygen reach a point where its impossible to survive
no sunlight for photosynthesis to occur
breathing is inhale and exhale of air
respiration is a chemical process that occurs in cellular level
exchange of gases between cells and the environment
need oxygen
doesn't need oxygen
allow sunlight to pass through
lost of cholorplast
allow Co2 and O2 to diffuse
gas exchange
thick cell wall
contains the cell's dna
mitochodira
stored water
perform photosynthesis
protect the cell
holds the cell together
fluid that fills and hold the cell
smooth endoplasmic recticulum
creat protein
make protein
make fat
detoxifies poison
centrosome
cell division
vascuole
holds and protect the cell
store the cell's DNA
breakdown glucose and create energy
nitrates
ammonia
amnio acid
make protein
make chlorophyll
did the plant photosynthesis
transpiration rate and potometer
ethanol dissolves chloropyll
Why does the leaf change colour when iodine is added?
indicating the presence of starch
adds iodine on the boiled leave in the experiment
turns black
photosynthesis did occur
have chlorophyll
no turn black
no photosynthesis
breakdown glucose and create energy
needed
ruler
plant
beaker
air bubble
capillary tube
when transpiration occur water is lost, bubble will move