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theories and perspectives, Micro, Macro/ structuralist - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Parsons - social order achieved through existence of shared culture or central value system.
    - - socialisation - Teaching individuals what it requires them to do.
      - social control - Positive sanctions reward conformity, while negative ones punish deviance
    - - adaptation - meeting member's material needs through economic sub-system
      - goal attainment - set goals and allocate resources to achieve them
      - integration - must be integrated together to pursue shared goals
      - latency - processes that maintain society over time
  - - - Wrong (1961) - 'oversocialised' or deterministic view of the individual
- - - - a class that owns the means of production
      - a class of labourers
    - - ancient society - based on exploitation of slaves legally tied to their owners
      - feudal society - based on exploitation of serfs legally tied to the land
      - capitalist society - based on the exploitation of free wage labourers
    - - Workers completely serperated from and have no control over the forces of production
      - Division of labour is at its most intense and detailed: the worker is reduced to an unskilled labourer repeating a meaningless task.
    - - abolish the state and create a classless communist society.
      - Abolish exploitation, replace private ownership with social ownership, and replace production for profit with production to satisfy human needs.
      - end alienation as humans regain control of their labour and its products.
    - - economic determinsism
      - The 'two Marxisms'
        
        humanistic or critical Marxism
        
        scientific or structuralist marxism
      - Marx's views on class
  - - - coercion - uses army, police, prisons and courts of the capitalist state to force other classes to accept its rule.
      - consent - it uses ideas and values to persuade the subordinate classes that its rule is legitimate.
    - - The ruling class are a minority
      - The proletariat have a dual consciousness
  - - - the economic level - comprising all those activities that involve producing something in order to satisfy a need
      - the political level - comprising all forms of organisation
      - the ideological level - involving the ways that people see themselves and their world.
    - - the repressive state apparatus - the 'armed bodies of men
      - the ideological state apparatus - the media, the education system
- - - - changes in socialisation and culture - more rational attitudes to gender and overcoming ignorance and prejudice
      - Political action to introduce anti-discriminatory laws and policies - bringing progress for fairer society where gender is no longer important
      - instrumental roles - performed in the public sphere of paid work
      - expressive roles - performed in the private sphere of unpaid domestic labour
  - - - seperatism
      - consciousness-raising
      - political lesbianism
  - - - an economic system: capitalism
      - a sex-gender system: patriarchy
- - - - instumentally rational action
      - value-rational action
      - traditional action
      - affectual action
    - - Shutz (1972) - Weber's view of action is too individualistic and cannot explain the shared nature of meanings
      - Weber's typology of action is diffcult to apply
  - - - symbols versus instincts
      - taking the role of the other
    - - Our actions are based on the meanings we give to situations, events and people.
      - These meanings arise from the interaction process. They are not fixed at the outset of the interaction, but are negotiable and changeable to some extent.
      - The meanings we give to situations are the result of the interpretive procedures we use especially taking the role of the other.
  - - - typification
      - the natural attitude
  - - - language
  - - - rules
      - resources