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Disease Storyline Concepts and Ideas - Coggle Diagram
Disease Storyline Concepts and Ideas
Patterns of Inheritance
Sex-linked inheritance - genes that are passed down through meiosis (reproduction) and into an organism's offspring. Males (xy chromosome) are more likely than females (xx chromosome) to receive the trait (usually recessive). Males only need one recessive allele in the x chromosome to show the trait.
Chromosomes - Located in the nucleus of the cell and contain DNA coding for the cell/organism's traits, split apart during cell division to replicate the DNA for new cells
Haploid - One set of unpaired chromosomes (for example a diploid cell has 46 while a haploid has 23 as the haploid isn't in pairs)
Diploid - A complete set or pair of chromosomes with one from each parent (would have 46 chromosomes in a human as there are 23 pairs with 2 in each)
Genes - genetic information coding for traits that determine characteristics and is passed down to offpsring
Allele - Letter that represents a dominant or recessive trait in a genotype, recessive alleles are represented with a lowercase letter such as (a) and dominant alleles are represented with an uppercase letter such as (A).
Dominant vs recessive allele/trait - Dominant alleles are represented with an uppercase letter and only one dominant allele needs to be present within a genotype in order for an organism to express it as a phenotype. Dominant traits appear more often than recessive traits. Recessive alleles use a lowercase letter and two recessive alleles such as (aa) MUST be present in a genotype in order for an organism to express the recessive trait.
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Cell Cycle/Cell Division
Cell Cycle Processes - IPMATC (INTERPHASE, PROPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE, CYTOKINESIS) In the cell cycle cells are in INTERPHASE for most of the time (G1, S, G2). They only enter the other stages during mitosis/meiosis. 
MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS -
Mitosis - Takes place in the M phase of the cell cycle. Occurs in body (somatic) cells and is used to grow or repair an organism's body. One division occurs in mitosis and there are two genetically identical daughter cells. There is NO CROSSING OVER during mitosis and genetic information only changes if a mutation occurs.
Meiosis - Occurs with germ cells (sperm and egg cells/ gametes) to reproduce offspring of an organism. Two divisions occur and daughter cells have half the amount of chromosomes as the original cell. The zygote will have 46 chromosomes (in a human) as the sperm and egg cell of the parents cross over (exchange of DNA in chromosome pairs). This results in genetic diverstiy within the offpsring.
PICTURE OF CELL CYCLE - C (INTERPHASE) E (PROPHASE) D (METAPHASE) A (ANAPHASE) F (TELOPHASE) B (CYTOKINESIS, TWO DAUGHTER CELLS)
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Protein Synthesis
DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid, consists of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base. A set of a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and base is known as a NUCLEOTIDE. Nucleotides bond with one another to form a double helix of DNA coding for a cell/organism. These bonds are held together by a weak hydrogen bond in the middle.
Nitrogenous bases - Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine. Adenine pairs with Thymine (Uracil in RNA) and Cytosine pairs with Guanine.
Chargaff's Rule - The amount of Guanine and Cytosine should be the same in a given sample of DNA and the amount of Adenine and Thymine should also be equal in a given sample. An exmaple could be 30% Thymine and Adenine and 20% Guanine and Cytosine. These percentages add up to 100% (the full sample of DNA).
DNA Replication - Takes place in the S phase of the cell cycle and occurs when the cell is preparing to divide during meiosis/mitosis. DNA helicase divides the double helix of DNA by cutting the weak hydrogen bonds in the middle that hold them together. The original strands and glued together to complementary strands by the enzyme DNA polymerase. The complementary nucleotides are the exact same as each other when the new cells are formed. The purpose of DNA replication is to prepare the cell for cellular division by having two complete sets of DNA for when it splits off.
RNA - Ribonucleic acid, is shown in transcription where the bases are A, U, C, and G (Thymine is substituted in for Uracil) and the codons of RNA are coded for amino acids in translation where they code for proteins (the process of protein synthesis). DNA turns into RNA when it is transcripted and leaves the nucleus of the cell.
Amino acids - code for proteins (building blocks) as a result of protein synthesis, are created when mRNA bases are read 3 at a time (when grouped it is known as a codon). These codons of 3 mRNA bases are then translated into amino acids to code for proteins.
Miscallaneous Concepts
Qualitative Evidence - evidence using observations or qualities (texture, color, patterns, etc.)
Quantitative Evidence - evidence involving numbers (statistics, differences, percentages, etc.)
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