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Esther Ramirez Period #5 Digestive & Urinary System - Coggle Diagram
Esther Ramirez
Period #5
Digestive & Urinary System
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Cholecystitis
Description: An inflammation of the gallbladder
Causes: Diet, age, and inflammation
Symptoms: tender abdomen, sweating, and fever
Treatment: medication, fasting, and antibiotics
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Description: Chrronic disease that occirs when the esophageal sphincter relaxes
Causes: diabetes, asthma, and smoking
Symptoms: chest pain, sore throat, sour taste
Treatment: surgery, prescription, medication
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Description: Chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation in the digestive tract
Causes: genetics, immune, environmental, unknown
Symptoms: diarrhea, fever, anemia
Treatment: medication, fluid replacement, surgery
Peptic Ulcers
Description: sores that develop in the lining of the stomach of the duodenum
Causes: smoking, stress, imbalance in gastric juices
Symptoms: heartburn, vomiting, loading
Treatment: lifestyle changes, medication, endoscopic surgery
Colon Disease #1
Description: colorectal cancer-unconrolled cell growth in the colon
Causes: diet, lifestyle, radiation
Symptoms: bloating, fatigue, pelvic pain
Treatment: surgery, chemotherapy, medication
Colon Disease #2
Description: Polyps growths
Causes: age, heredity, diet
Symptoms: bloody stool, diarrhea, and constipation
Treatment: Diet adjustment, surgical, none
Bladder Cancer
Description: cells grow out of control, that can cause a tumor
Causes: tumors in bladder, smoking, and radiation
Symptoms: urgen urination, pain when you pass urine, pain in lower abdomen
Treatment: smoking or inhaling tobacco smoke, radiation, eat a healthy diet
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Description: very common in women. 40% of women experience it at least once. It is life threatening
Causes: sexually active women, pregnant women, menopause women
Symptoms: burning during urination, pressure in lower pelvic area, cloudy urine
Treatment: surgery, over-the-counter medication, antibiotics
Kidney Stones
Description: when the urine has high levels of minerals and salts, hard stones can form
Causes: causes lots of pain, stone gets stuck in the bladder, sharp craming pain in the back
Symptoms: non-symptematic, or can be very painful, or burning when urination
Treatment: over-the-counter medication, surgery, and a healthy diet
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Nephrons are the structural and functional units that forms urine in the kidney's
1 million per kidney
There are 2 main parts:
1.) Renal corpuscle
2.) Renal Tubule
Renal Corpuscle
1.) Glomerulus
Tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium
Highly porous capillaries
Allows for efficient filtrate formation
-Filtrates: plasma-derived fluid that renal tubules process to form urine
2.) Glomerular Capsule
Also known as "Bowman's Capsule": cup-shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus
Consists of 2 layers:
1.) Parital: simple squamous epithelium
2.) Visceral: clings to glomerular capillaries; branching epithelial podocytes
-Extensions terminate in foot processes that cling to basement membrane
-Filtration slits between foot processes allow filtrate to pass into capsular space
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
1.) Mucosa
Functions:
-Secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones
-Absorbs end products of digestion
-Protects against infectious disease
2.) Submucosa
Areolar connective tissue
Contains blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, and submucosal nerve plexus that supply surrounding GI tract tissues
Has abundant amount of elastic tissue
3.) Muscularis Externa
Responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
Contains inner circular muscle layer and outer longitudinal layers
Circular layer thickens in some areas to form sphincters
4.) Serosa
Outermost layer, made up of visceral peritoneum
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Digestive Process of the Mouth:
1.) Bucccal Phase:
Upper esophageal sphincter is contracted (closed)
The tongue presses against the hard plate, forcing the food folus into the oropharynx
2.) Pharyneal - esophageal phase begins:
Tongue blocks the mouth
The soft plate and its uvula rise, closing off the nasopharynx
The larynx rises so that the epiglottis blocks the tracea
Upper esophageal phincter relaxes; food enters the esophagus
3.) Pharyngeal - esophageal phase continues:
the constrictor muscles of the pharynx contract, forcing food into the esophageal sphincter contracts after food enters
4.) Peristaksis moves food through the esophagus to the stomach
5.) The gastroesophageal spincter surrounding the cardial orifics opens. After food enter the stomach, the spincter closes, preventing regurgitation.
Parastalic Waves in the Stomach:
Liver
Largest gland in the body
Consists of 4 primary lobes: right, left, caudate, and quadrate
Bile ducts: Common heptic duct leaves liver, systic duct connects to gallbladder, bile duct formed by union of common hepatic and cystic ducts
Bile: composition and enteroheptic circulation
Yellow-green, alkaline solution containing:
Bile salts: cholesterol derivatives that function in fat emulsification and absorption
Bilirubin: pigment formed from heme; bacteria breakdown in intestine to stercobilin that gives brown color of feces
Cholesterol, triglicerides, phospholipides, and electrolytes
Gallbladder
A thin-walled muscular sac on ventral surface of liver
Functions: to store and concentrate bile by absorbing water and ions
Pancreas
Exocrine Function: produces pancreatic juice
Endocrine Function: secretion of insulin and glucagon by pancreatic islet cells
Composition of pancreatic juice is: water, alkaline solution (pH8) to nutralize acidic chyme coming from stomach
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
Digestive Process:
1.) Ingestion: eating
2.) Propulsion: food moving through the alimentary canal (swallowing, peristalis: alternating waves of contraction and relaxation)
3.) Mechanical Breakdown: chewing, food with saliva, churning food in stomach, and segmentation (segmentation: construction of intestine that mixes food with digestive juices
4.) Digestion: series of catabolic steps, involving enzymes that break down food molecules into chemical building blocks.
5.) Absorption: passage of digested fragments from lumen of GI Tract into blood or lymph
6.) Defecation: elimination of digestible substances via anus in form of feces
Salivary Glands: - Functions of saliva: - Cleanse mouth - Dissolves food chemicals for taste - Moistens food; compacts into bolus - Begins breakdown of stomach with enzymes, ions, bit of mucin
Digestive enzymes are secreted in the gallbladder. They are:
Proteases (for protiens): secreted in inactive form to prevent self-digestion
Amylase (for charbohydrates)
Lipases (for lipids)
Nucleases (for nucleic acids)
Major organs of the urinary systems
Kidneys:
Regulates total water volume and total solute concentration in water
Regulates ion concentrations in extra cellular fluid (ECF)
Ensuring long-term acid-base balance
Excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs
Producing erythropoietin (regulates BP and renin; regulates RBC production)
Activating vitamin D
Carrying out glyconeogenesis, is needed
Also include:
Ureters: transports urine from kidney's to urinary bladder
Urinary bladder: temporary storage reservoir for urine
Urethra: transports urine out of body
Major organs of the digestive system
Associated Organs:
1.) Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal or GI Tract or gut)
Muscular tube, running from mouth to anus
Digests food: breaks down into smaller fragments
Absorbs fragments through lining into blood
Organs: Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine & Large Intestine, and Anus
2.) Accessory Digestive Organs
Teeth, Tongue, and Gallbladder
Digestive glands: secretions that help breakdown food are: salivary glands, liver, and pancreas
Mouth:
organs: mouth, tongue, salivary glands, and teeth
Lips and Cheeks
Lips (labia): composed of fleshy orbicularis oris muscle
Cheeks: composed of buccinator muscles
Labial frenulum: median attachment of each lip to gum
Plates
1.) Hard Plate: formed by platine bones and platine processes of maxillae with a midline ridge called raphe
2.) Soft palate: fold formed mostly to skeletal muscle
Colses off nasopharynx during swallowing
Uvula: fingerlike projection that faces downward from freeedge of soft plate
Tongue: occupies floor of mouth nad helps in formation of bolus (mixture of saliva and food), initiation of swallowing, and gripping, repositioning and mixing food.
Teeth:
-They lie in sockets in gum-covered margins of mandible and maxillia
Mastication is the main function of the teeth and it is the process of shewing that tears and grinds food into smaller fragments
Dentition and the dental formula
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Teeth are Classified by shape:
1.) Incisors: chisel shaped for cutting
2.) Canines: fangtype teeth that tear orpierce
3.) Premolars (bicuspids): broad crowns with rounded cups used to grind or crush
4.) Molars: broad crowns, rounded cusps - best grinders
During chewing, upper and lower molars lock together, creating tremendous crushing force
Tooth Structure:
1.) Crown: exposed part above gingiva (Gum); covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the body
2.) Root: portion embedded in jaw neck; connected to crown by neck
Major functions of the urinary system
Kidneys
Regulates total water volume and total solute concentration in water
Regulates ion concentrations in extra cellular fluid (ECF)
Ensuring long-term acid-base balance
Excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs
Producing erythropoietin (regulates BP and renin; regulates RBC production)
Activating vitamin D
Carrying out glyconeogenesis, is needed
Cleanse the blood
Major functions of the digestive system
Functions:
Take in food
Break food down into nutrients
Absorb molecules into the blood stream
Gets rid of indigestible remains
Digestive Process in the Stomach:
1.) Carries out breakdown on food
2.) Serves as holding area for food
3.) Delivers chyme to small intestine
4.) Denatures proteins by HCI
5.) Pepsin carries out enzymatic digestion of proteins
Milk protein (casein) is broken down by reminin infants and results into curdysubstance
6.) Lipid-soluble alcohol and aspirin are absorbed into blood
7.) Only stomach function essential to life is secretion of intrinsic factor for Vitamin B12
B12 is needed for RBC's to mature
Lack of intrinsic factor causes pernicious anemia
Treated with B12 injections