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Digestive and Urinary System Alissa Tagle Period 3 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive and Urinary System
Alissa Tagle
Period 3
Major functions of the digestive system
Digestion: mechanical break down of foods and absorption of nutrients
Mechanical digestion
: breaks down large pices of food into smaller ones; chemical composition is not changes
Chemical Digestion
: breaks down large nutrient molecules into smaller chemicals by breakdown of chemical bonds
Nutrient absorption (small intestine)
excretion of waste from food
transports food through though swallowing mechanism
produce bile
maintain metabolic activity
Major organs of the urinary systems
Ureter
transports urine from kidneys to bladder
structure:
-muscular tube that conveys urine from kidneys to the bladder
-begins as funnle-shaped renal pelvis
Urinary bladder
stores urine
structure: hollow, disensible, muscular organ lying in pelvic cavity
lower portion forms internal urethral sphincter (junction of bladder and urethra)
Kidney
filters blood
regulates volume, composition, an pH of body fluids
structure: renal cortex and renal medulla
renal medulla:indise of kidney
renal cortex: outside of kidney; contains renal corpuscles
remove metabolic wastes from the blood in the process, forming urine
help control RBC formation
Urethra
conveys urine to outside of the body
structure: tubular organ that transports urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
in females it is 4cm long, in males it is much longer and serves as reproductive and excretory pathway
contains internal urethral sphincter and external urethral sphincter
Major organs of the digestive system
Alimentary Canal
mouth
:
-first portion
-surrounded by cheeks, tongue, and palate
-
Function
: receives food and begins mechanical digestion by mastication
pharynx(throat):
-cavity lying posterior to mouth
-divided into three portions:
1)nasopharynx; top (air passage behind nasal cavity)
2) oropharynx; middle (for food & air)
3) laryngopharynx; bottom(passage way to esophagus)
esophagus
:
-muscular tube leading from pharynx to stomach
-food passageway leading to stomach
-mucus glands scattered to lubricate lining
stomach
:
-j-shaped muscular organ
-receives food from esophagus
-
rugae
, submucosa allow for distention(streching)
Function
:
-mixes food w/ digestive juices
-begins digestion of proteins
-limited absorption of nutrients
-propels food into small intestine
Parts of stomach
:
-
cardia(c)
= a small region near opening to esophagus
-
fundus
= a small rounded region superior to the cardia
-
body region
= main portion of the stomach, between the fundus and the pylorus
-
pylorus
=distal portion near small intestine
a)
pyloric sphincter
= at end of the pyloric canal is a muscular ring that controls release of food from stomach into the small intestine
small intestine
:
-
Structure
:
-long tubular organ; runs from stomach to large intestine
-has finger like projections on intestinal wall called villi in order to increase the surface area; helps more nutrients be absorbed (also aids in mixing action)
-consists of
Duodenum
,
Jejunum
, and
Ileum
Duodenum
: shortest and most fixed portion os mall intestine; stomach empties chyme directly into it
Jejunum
: makes up proximal 2/5 of small intestine, has slightly longer diameter than ileum; is more activated in the digestion process **longest piece
Ileum
: most distal portion to stomach
** Ileum and Jejunum held in place by messentary
function
: most absorption occurs in the small intestine
*secretes mucus, watery fluid, and enzymes
large intestine
structure:
-about 1.5 meters long
-begins in lower right portion at cecum, ascends on the right, crosses to left side and descends on left side
parts of large intestine:
-cecum: pouch at the beginning of large intestine(appendix projects down)
-colon: the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid regions of large intestine
-rectum: a straight section of the large intestine(lies next to daroum
-anal canal: opens to outside as the anus; guarded by internal sphincter and external sphincter
rectum
-rectum: a straight section of the large intestine(lies next to daroum
anus
opens to outside as the anus; guarded by internal sphincter and external sphincter
Accessory Organs
salivary glands
moistens and dissolves food particles, binds them together, aids in tasting, helps to cleanse the mouth and begins carb digestion
liver
structure
: reddish brown liver, located in upper right quadrant of abdominal cavity; the body's largest internal organ
Function
:
produces and secretes bile
8 maintains proper blood concentrations of glucose and others
removes toxins from blood
carb metabolism
lip metabolism
protein metabolism
stores gycogen, iron, and vitamins A, D, and B12
removes damaged RBC and foreign substances
gallbladder
Function
stores and concentrates bile
pancreas
produce pancreatic juice that aids digestion
Major functions of the urinary system
regulates pH and body fluid volume
helps control RBC production and blood pressure
helps maintain normal concentrations of electrolytes and water
filters salts and wastes from the blood
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
Source
Gastric chief cells (secreted from stomach)
Pepsin
begins protein digestion
Pancreas
Pancreatic amylase
breaks down starch into disaccharides
Pancreatic lipase
breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Proteolytic enzymes
a) trypsin
b) Chymotrypsin
c) carboxypeptidase
breaksdown proteins or partially digested proteins into peptides
Nucleases
breaks down nucleic acid into nucleotides
Salivary Gland
Salivary amylase
begins carbohydrate digestion b y breaking down starch to disaccharides
Intestinal Mucosal Cells (intestines)
Peptidase
breaks down peptides into amino acids
Suerase, maltase, and lactase
breaks down disaccharies into monosaccharides
intestinal lipase
breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
enterokinase
converts trypsinogen into trypsin
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Most absorption occurs in the small intestine
Carbohydrate digestion
: secretions from salivary glands (in mouth w/ saliva)
amylase breaks down starch into disaccharidses;
begins carb digestion
Protein digestion
: digestive juices from stomach (in stomach)
begins digestion of proteins
Nucleic Acid Digestion
:pancreatic juice (in small intestine)
small intestine revives secretions from pancreas that mix with bile(also digests some carbs, proteins, and lipids)
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Submucosa
consists of loose CT, housing blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and glands
nourishes surrounding layers of canal
lies under mucosa
vessels transport nutrients away from digestive organs
Serosa
outer layer, or visceral peritoneum
protects underlying tissues
secretes serous fluids to reduce friction between organs
Mucosa
inner layer of wall
mucosa membrane that surrounds the lumen of the tube
protects tissues of the canal
carries on secretion and absorption of dietary nutrients
Muscularis
consist of 2 layers of smooth muscle: inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer
propels food through canal
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Nephron anatomy
-consists of a renal corpuscle and a renal tube
Renal corpuscle
preforms first step of urine formation
consists of cluster of capillaries, the glomerous and a glomerular capsule
filtration structure in renal cortex
Renal tubule
proximal convoluted tubule
nephron loop (descending and ascending limbs)
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
Nephron= functional unit of the kidney; can produce urine independently
-about 1 million nephrons per kidney
Nephron physiology
causes urine formation in 3 processes:
1) Glomerular filtration
2)Tubular reabsorption
3)Tubular secretion
Tubular reabsorption
return of useful filterd substances to the blood
most reabsorption occurs in
proximal convoluted tubule
glucose, amino acids and water are reabsorbed
Tubular secretion
20% of plasma is filtered by glomerous, 80% is transported to efferent arteriole and then the peritubular capillaries
waste and large molecules typically join the forming urine by tubular secretion
reverse of tubular reabsorbtion
Glomerular filtration
glomerulus filters water and substances from blood plasma and transports it into glomerular capsule as glomerular filtrate
1st step of urine formation
Pathway of urine formation through nephrons and excretion through drainage system system
Urine Formation
Parts of a Nephron
Renal corpuscle
1) Glomerlus
2) Glomerular capsule
Renal tubule
3) proximal convoluted tubule
4) Nephron loop (descending limb)
5) Nephron loop (ascending limb)
6) distal convoluted tubule
7) collecting duct
Urine Secretion
Drainage system
9) major calyx
10) renal pelvis
8) minor calyx
11) renal pelvis
12) ureter
13) urinary bladder (storage structure)
14) urethra (elimination structure)
Byproducst in urine
Urea: by-product if amino acid metaboliosm
Uric acid: by-product of nucleic acid metabolism
Nephron Functions
Renal Tubule
Descending Limb of Nephron Loop
reabsorption of water by osmosis
Ascending Limb of Nephron Loop
resbsorption of substances such as penicillin, histamine, creatine, and hydrogen ions
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
:
reabsorption of glucose; amino acids; creatine; lactic, uric, critic and absorbic scids; phosphate, sulfate, calcium, potassium, and sodium ions by active transport
reabsorption of water by osmosis
reabsorption of chloride and other negatively charged ions by electrochemical attraction
active secretion of substances such as penicillin, histamine, creatine, and hydrogen ions
Distal Convoluted Tubule
reabsorption of sodium ions by active transport
reabsorption of water by osmosis
secretion of hydrogen and potassium ions both actively and passively
Renal Corpuscule
Glomerulus
:
filtration of water and dissolved substances from plasma
Glomerar capusle
:
Recipient glomerular filtrate
Collection duct Functions:
reabsorbtion of water by osmosis
(not included in anatomy of nephron)
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Peptic Ulcers
sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
Colon Disease
1) Colorectal Cancer
-uncontrolled cell growth in the colon
2) Hemorrhoids
inflamed veins in the rectum or anus
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
a chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation
Bladder Cancer
cells from the bacteria anywhere along the urinary tract
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Chronic disease that occurs when the esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing the contents of then stomach to move into esophagus
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
abnormal growth of bacteria anywhere along the urinary tract
Cholecystitis
an inflammation of the gall bladder
Kidney Stones
stones of mineral and salts from urine that build up in the urinary tract
Digestive
Urinary