Damian Velazquez
P.3
Digestive & Urinary system
Major Function of the Digestive system
Digestive enzymes
Location of digestion & absorption of each macromolecule
Disorders of the digestive & urinary system
Major Function of the Urinary system
Nephron anatomy & physiology
Major organs of the digestive system
Layers of the GI tract
Major organs of the urinary system
Cholecystitis
An inflammation of gall bladder. Causes or risk factors are blockage of the gall duct by gallstones, inflammation, & digestive tumor. Symptoms are vomiting, tender abdomen, & bloating. Treatment options are fasting, antibiotics, & cholecystectomy.
GERD
Chronic disease that occurs when the esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing the contents of the stomach to move back into the esophagus. Causes or risk factors are diabetes, frequent acid reflex, & weakened esophageal sphincter. Symptoms are chest pain, dysphagia, & acid reflex. Treatment options are over the counter medication, surgery, & prescription medication.
IBD
Chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation in digestive tract. Includes crohn disease & ulcerative colitis. Causes or risk factors are unknown, possibly genetics, immune, or environmental. Symptoms are anemia, bowel obstruction, & abdominal pain. Treatment for this are fluid replacement, surgery, & antibiotics.
Peptic Ulcers
Sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or the duodenum. Causes or risk factors are excess acid production, stress, & alcohol abuse. Symptoms are heart burn, bloody vomit, & bloody stool. Treatment options are lifestyle changes, medication, & endoscopic surgery.
Colon Diseases
Spastic colon or IBS- abnormal abdominal conditions. Causes or risk factors are lifestyle, stress, & hormonal. Symptoms are cramping, diarrhea, & abdominal pain. Treatment options are medication, diet, & lifestyle change.
Colorectal cancer- Uncontrolled cell growth in the colon. Causes or risk factors heredity, surgical history, & radiation. Symptoms are bloody stool, pelvic pain, & bloating. Treatment options are surgery, medication, & chemotherapy.
Bladder cancer
When cell of bladder grow abnormally they become bladder cancer. Causes or risk factors are radition to pelvis, cyclophosphamide, family history. Symptoms are back pain, pain in the lower abdomen, & hematuria. Treatment options are surgery, medication, & medical procedure.
UTI
Abnormal growth of bacteria anywhere along the urinary tract combine with symptom. Causes or risk factors are sexual activity, poor hygiene, & age. Symptoms are burning with urination, pain or pressure in lower pelvic area. & cloudy urine. Treatment options are oral antibiotics pills, & phenoazopyridine.
Kidney stones
When urine has high level of minerals & salt, hard stone can form. Causes or risk factors are high level of minerals & salt, too much calcium in urine, & kidney don't reabsord cystine in urine. Symptoms are intense need to urinate, burning feeling while urinating, & cramping pain in back & sides. Treatment options are medication, surgery, & wait to pass.
Mechanical & chemical breakdown of foods & absorption of nutrients. Carries out the process of digestion. Mechanical digestion breaks down large pieces of food into smaller ones; chemical composition is not changed by this process. Chemical digestion breaks down large nutrients molecules into smaller chemicals, by breaking chemical bonds.
Filters salts & wastes from the blood. Helps maintain normal concentrations of electrolytes & water. Regulates pH & body fluid volume. Helps control red blood cells production & blood pressure.
Kidneys
Urethra
Urinary bladders
Ureters
Filters the blood. Kidneys are retroperitoneal, behind the parietal peritoneum. Hilum: medial depression in kidneys; leads to a hollow chamber, renal sinus , into blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, & ureter enter or exit. In the renal sinus is the renal pelvis that is divided into major & minor calyces. Also contain two major regions renal medulla & cortex. Kidneys remove metabolic wastes from blood in process, forming urine.
Transport urine from kidneys to bladder. Muscular tube that conveys urine from kidneys to urinary bladders. Due to the angle at which ureters enter the urinary bladder, the wall of the bladder acts as a one-way valve, propelling urine into the bladder, but preventing it from flowing backwards.
Stores urine, and excretes it through the urethra. Portions of the lower bladder form the internal urethral sphincter.
Conveys urine to the outside of the body. Contains internal urethral sphincter (smooth muscle) & external urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle).
The functional unit of kidneys; creates urine independently. Contains renal corpuscle and renal tubule. There is also about one million nephron per kidneys.
Renal Corpuscle:Contains clusters of capillaries, glomerulus, & a glomerular capsule, a cup-shaped sac that receives filtrate.
Renal Tubule:Contain Glomerular capsule, Proximal convoluted tubule, Nephron loop, Distal convoluted tubule, & Collecting Duct.
Secreted by epithelial cells of the mucosa, & embedded in their microvilli
Peptidase: break down dipeptides to amino acids.
Sucrase, maltase, & lactase: break down disaccharides to monosaccharides.
Intestinal lipase: break down triglycerides to fatty acids & glycerol.
Pharynx
(Throat) Cavity lying posterior to the mouth. Divided into 3 portions: Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Larygopharynx.
Esophagus
Muscular tube leading from pharynx to stomach. Lower esophageal (cardiac, cardioesophageal) sphincter helps to prevent regurgitation of stomach contents into the esophagus.
Liver
Found in the upper right quandrant of the abdominal cavity, is the body's largest internal organ. Responsible for many metabolic activities, such as the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins.
Stomach
Rugae, or gastric folds, of the mucosa & submucosa, allow for distention. Receives food from the esophagus. Mixes food with digestive juices. Begins digestion of proteins. Also contains cardia, fundus, body region, plyorus, & plyoric sphincter.
Pancreas
Both endocrine & exocrine gland. Exocrine functions are to create pancreatic juice that aids in digestion. Pancreatic juice contains enzymes that digest carbohydrates, fats, proteins, & nucleic acids.
Large Intestine
Small Intestine
Long tubular organ, that runs from the stomach to the beginning of the large intestine. Receives chyme from stomach. Absorb digestive end products. Transport the remaining residue to large intestine. Contains Duodenum, Jejunum, & Ileum.
Named "large" because its diameter is larger than that of the small intestine. Starts at the lower right portion of abdominal cavity at the cecum, ascends on right, crosses to left side, & descends on left side.
The layers of the GI tracts: Outer longitudinal muscle, Inner circular muscle, Submucosa, Muscularis Mucosa, Lamina Propria, Basement Membrane, Epithelium, & Mucosa.
Proteins: Stomach & small intestine
Nucleic acids: Small intestine
Lipids: Oral cavity, stomach, & small intestine
Carbohydrates: Oral cavity & small Intestine
Macromolecule: Region in alimentary system digested,
Mucosa: Protects tissues of the canal. Carries on secretion & absorption of dietary nutrients. In some regions, mucosa is modified into folds or projections, that increases surface area.
Submucosa: Nourishes the surrounding layers of the canal. Vessels transport absorbed nutrients away from digestive organs.
Muscularis: Contains 2 layers of smooth muscle: Inner circular layer & outer longitudinal layer. Propels food through the canal.