Digestive & Urinary System
Natalia Gomez Period:5
Major functions of the digestive system
Major functions of the urinary system
Major organs of the digestive system
Major organs of the urinary systems
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
main functions
Take in food
– Break it down into nutrient molecules
– Absorb molecules into the bloodstream
– Rid body of any indigestible remains
Main functions
Regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water
– Regulating ion concentrations in extracellular fluid (ECF)
– Ensuring long-term acid-base balance
– Excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs
– Producing erythropoietin (regulates blood pressure and renin (regulates RBC
production)
– Activating vitamin D
– Carrying out gluconeogenesis, if needed
Renal pelvis
Renal pelvis
▪ Funnel-shaped tube continuous with ureter
▪ Minor calyces
– Cup-shaped areas that collect urine draining from pyramidal papillae
▪ Major calyces
– Areas that collect urine from minor calyces
– Empty urine into renal pelvis
Organs
Ureters: transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
– Urinary bladder: temporary storage reservoir for urine
– Urethra: transports urine out of body
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Food passes from mouth into oropharynx and then into laryngopharynx
– Allows passage of food, fluids, and air
– External muscle layers consists of two skeletal muscle layers
The Esophagus
• Flat muscular tube that runs from laryngopharynx to stomach
– Is collapsed when not involved in food propulsion
• Gastroesophageal (cardiac) sphincter surrounds cardial orifice
– Keeps orifice closed when food is not being swallowed
– Mucus cells on both sides of sphincter help protect esophagus from acid reflux
Small intestine
Small intestine is the major organ of digestion and absorption
• 2–4 m long (7–13 ft) from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve, point at which it joins
large intestine
Large intestine
Large intestine has three unique features not seen elsewhere:
– Teniae coli: three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in muscularis
– Haustra: pocketlike sacs caused by tone of teniae coli
– Epiploic appendages: fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum
Pancreas
Exocrine function: produce pancreatic juice
• Endocrine function: secretion of insulin and glucagon by pancreatic islet cells
• Composition of pancreatic juice
Watery, alkaline solution (pH 8) to neutralize acidic chyme coming from stomach
Digestive enzymes
– Proteases (for proteins): secreted in inactive form to prevent self-digestion
– Amylase (for carbohydrates)
– Lipases (for lipids)
– Nucleases (for nucleic acids)
The location of the digestion is within the oral cavity, stomach and the small intestine. The digestion is a process that converts the nutrients in the ingested foods.
The Protein- the majority of protein is absorbed within the small intestine.
- after any meal proteins are denatured by acid and by gastric pepsin within the stomach.
- They are absorbed by tripeptides, dipeptides or amino acids
Nucleic acid- absorbs 260mn and the absorbance is commonly detected.
- the digested in the small intestine with helping both pancreatic enzymes and enzymes produced by small intestine itself.
Carbohydrates-the absorption begins with breakdown of complex of carbohydrates by salivary and gastric enzymes into oligonucleotides.
- They're absorbed through the bloodstream and delivered into the liver.
Lipids- This absorption consists of hydrolysis of dietary fat in the lumen of the intestine that is followed by the uptake. Within the stomach fat it is separated from the other food substances.
Neuphron
Nephrons are the structural and functional units that forms urine in the Kidneys
• > 1 million per kidney
• Two main parts
– Renal corpuscle
– Renal tubule
Renal Corpuscle
Glomerulus
– Tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium
Highly porous capillaries
Allows for efficient filtrate formation
– Filtrate: plasma-derived fluid that renal tubules process to form urine
- Glomerular capsule
– Also called Bowman’s capsule: cup-shaped, hollow structure surrounding
glomerulus
– Consists of two layers
Parietal layer: simple squamous epithelium
Visceral layer: clings to glomerular capillaries; branching epithelial
– Extensions terminate in foot processes that cling to basement
membrane
– Filtration slits between foot processes allow filtrate to pass into
capsular space
mouth
Oral orifice is the anterior opening
– Walls of mouth lined with stratified squamous epithelium
• Lips and cheeks
– Lips (labia): composed of fleshy orbicularis oris muscle
– Cheeks: composed of buccinator muscles
– Labial frenulum: median attachment of each lip to gum
• Palate
– Palate forms the roof of the mouth and has two distinct parts
- Hard palate: formed by palatine bones and palatine processes of maxillae
with a midline ridge called raphe
- Soft palate: fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle
Stomach
Stomach is a temporary storage tank that starts chemical breakdown of protein digestion
– Converts bolus of food to paste-like chyme
– Empty stomach has ~50 ml volume but can expand to 4 L
– When empty, stomach mucosa forms many folds called rugae
Small intestine
Small intestine is the major organ of digestion and absorption
• 2–4 m long (7–13 ft) from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve, point at which it joins
large intestine
• Subdivisions
– Duodenum: mostly retroperitoneal; ~25.0 cm (10.0 in) long; curves around head of
pancreas
Large Intestine
Large intestine has three unique features not seen elsewhere:
– Teniae coli: three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in muscularis
– Haustra: pocketlike sacs caused by tone of teniae coli
– Epiploic appendages: fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum
Cholecystitis- AN inflammation of the gallbladder Causes/Risk-Primarily caused by blockage or gall duct/age/female
Symptoms-tender abdomen, vomiting, fever
Treatment-medication,faststing , antibiotics
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: An chronic disease that occurs when esophageal relaxes
Causes/risk- asthma, diabetes, obesity, pregnancy
Symptoms: chest pain, sour taste
Treatment: surgery, prescription medication
Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation
Causes/risk- genetics, environmental
symptoms-abnormal pain, clamping, diarrhea
Treatment:Medication, antibiotics, fluid development
Peptic Ulcers; Sores that develop in the mining of the stomach
Causes/risk: imbalance in gastric, smoking, alcohol abuse
Symptoms: heartburn, severe chest pain, nausea
Treatment: lifestyle, medication, endoscopic surgery
Colon: Polyps-growth
Causes/risk: Heredity, diet, lifestyle
Symptoms: bloating, fatigue
treatment:surgery, radiation, medication
Hemorrhouds:Inflammed veins in rectum causes/risk:Obesity, chronic diarrhea, anal intercourse
symptoms:anal pain, anal itching
treatment:Medication, injections
Bladder Cancer: Body cellas grow out of control when this happen body can't work
causes/risk tumors in bladder, abnormal growth, smoking-inhaling
symptoms: back pain
treatment: eat balanced food, limit exposure to work in chemical
UTI-The abnormal growth of bacteria anywhere along the urinary tract
causes/risk sexually active, pregnant women, menopausal women
symptoms- burning, pain in lower pelvis, fever/chills
treatment:oral antibiotics pills, medication
Kidney stones:Urine contains many dissolved mineral and salts
causes/ risk causes pain, sharp cramos, stone stuck
symptoms: sharp, cramp, burning feeling in urine
treatment:surgery