Pyroclastic flows, these are a mixture of superheated gas, ash and volcanic rock which flows down the side of a volcano, it travels at high speed and flows a long way. Because they are quick and have relatively little warning, they cause death

Lava flows, these flow down the side of a volcano, the speed and distance depend on the viscosity of the lava, low viscosity lava runs quicker and may travel tens of kilometres. Most flows are slow so people have time to evacuate however lava destroys everything in its patch inc vegetation and houses

Volcanic gases, lava contains gases such as carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide which are released into the atmosphere when a volcano erupts, these can be harmful to humans and animals if breathed in

fallout consists of material that is a range of sizes, smaller particles can be carried further, large pieces of tephra can damage buildings and kill or injure people whereas smaller material can layer up and damage vegetation

Mudflows (Tephra), this occurs when volcanic material mixes with melting ice at high altitudes, flows move quickly depending on the slope relief, they can bury and destroy infrastructure

Acid rain can occur when the volcanic gases react with water vapour in the atmosphere e.g. sulfur dioxide can react with water vapour to form sulfuric acid

Basaltic lava is formed here - very hot an low viscosity. Eruptions are very frequent but not very violent

Andesitic and Rhyolitic lava is formed here, it is more viscous. It forms at subduction zones and due to the viscous nature forms blockages which are released by violent explosions - more dangerous

Water acidified by acid rain, volcanic gases contribute to greenhouse effect

Ecosystems damaged through volcanic hazards such as ash, wildlife killed

conflicts concerning food shortage, political unrest

Fires can start, mudflows or floods, trauma, homelessness

Capitalise on opportunities such as encouraging tourism

Change profession so it's less likely to be affected by hazards

Direct intervention to stop the volcano e.g. concrete blocks

Strengthening buildings that are at risk of mudflows or ash buildup

Mitigating effects by having emergency aid and rescue

Can not be prevented but land around it can be prevented from being built on e.g. exclusion zones

Monitoring increases the notice of volcanic eruptions meaning warnings can be given out

E.Jokul 2010 is situated on a constructive plate boundary - basaltic lava and there is a glacier above the volcano. The warning signs were shallow earthquakes and minor eruptions

10 K high ash plume containing sulphur was emitted

Ash made icelandic soil so fertile farmers could produce rapeseed oils

700 people evacuated due to flooding from melted glacier

Texts were sent to locals with a 30 minute warning

Rebuilt river banks higher than before, no great action was needed as there were not irreparable effects

Volcano is situated on a destructive plate boundary - composite cone volcano which is explosive high silica content and viscous magma