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Disease Storyline - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Checkpoint proteins not doing their job
      - Apoptosis not occurring
      - Contact inhibition not happening
      - Normal cells
        
        Controlled growth (function properly)
        
        Stop growing when in contact with other cells
        
        Appearance: even cell shape/size, one nucleus, normal chromosome number
        
        Can induce apoptosis (cell death) when damaged
        
        Cancer cells
        
        Rapid uncontrolled growth (excessive growth)
        
        Mutated signal tells the cells to divide when they shouldn’t
        
        Do not stop growing when in contact with other cells
        
        Appearance: uneven cell shape/size, 1-3 nuclei, abnormal chromosome number
        
        CANNOT induce apoptosis when damaged
        
        Due to mutations in the DNA (tumor suppressor genes or DNA repair genes)
        
        Many cancer cells lose their proper function
        
        Leukemia
        
        Cancer cells that end up pile up on one another form tumors - No contact inhibition.
        
        Malignant cancer cells can migrate to other regions of the body
        
        Cancer cells divide in less time than normal cells (448 minutes vs. 625 minutes)
        
        Cancer cells do not differentiate. This means they do not become specialized cells (specialized cells could be red blood cells, bone cells, skin cells, etc.)\
        
        Cancer cells do not maintain homeostasis (i.e. a balance of the appropriate amount of cells needed in a location)
        
        Proto-oncogenes - regulatory proteins that stimulate the cell cycle
        When the time is right (size of cell is appropriate and no DNA damage is present) these proteins will tell the cell to continue through the cell cycle
        
        Tumor suppressor genes: regulatory proteins that halt (stop) the cell cycle
        When the cell is too small or there is damaged DNA these proteins will stop the cell cycle in attempt to fix the problem.
        If the errors cannot be corrected the cell will be programmed to go through apoptosis (cell death)
    - - When you cut your skin, a signal is sent out for clotting factors to be released to stop the bleeding.
      - These factors protect the area beneath the cut to allow for new cells to grow (or divide).
      - As new cells grow they will come in contact with nearby cells, which allows for the cells to stop dividing.
      - In tumors (or cancer cells), contact inhibition does not function. Cancer cells keep growing and eventually pile up on each other.