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American Civil Rights (1945- 1968) - Coggle Diagram
American Civil Rights (1945- 1968)
The activities and achievements of the Civil Rights Movement
Shelley vs Kraemer (1948):-
In 1948, the US Supreme Court held that courts could not enforce real estate covenants that restricted the purchase or sale of property based on race.
Outcome:
This was a
landmark Civil rights ruling
, in which the Supreme Court held that private racial covenants could not be enforced by the state to evict black buyers of 'restricted' homes
Brown vs Board of Education (1954):-
The court found that segregation deprived children in the minority of equal educational opportunities, and as such
separate, but equal has no place.
Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.
It violates the 14th Amendment.
Outcome:
The verdict acted as a catalyst for the
end of legal segregation
and provided a precedent for further litigation against segregation, ensuring
its place as a canonised moment in the Civil Rights Movement.
Bailey vs Patterson (1962):-
No State can segregate public transport
Loving vs Virginia (1967):-
Court struck down state laws which banned marriage between those of different race.
Selma, Alabama (1965):-
Hundreds of people gathered in Selma, to
march to the Capital city of Montgomery
They marched to ensure that African Americans could
exercise their constitutional rights to vote
even in the face of the segregation system that wanted to make it impossible.
Ends in violence
when the marches are
attacked and beaten by white state troopers and sheriffs deputises.
Became known as
'Bloody Sunday'
Outcome:-
In
August 1965, LBJ signed the Voting Rights Act
This
overcame legal barriers
that presented African Americans using their right to vote
Considered
one of most far-reaching pieces of Civil Rights Legislation
in US history
The amount of
black voters tripled
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1954):-
The black community
(40,000)
boycotted the buses and walked or carpooled instead of using the buses.
The boycott helped select MLK as the leader.
Also car insuring companies stopped insuring cars helping the boycott, and Black churches across the country
donated shoes
to those that were wearing out their shoes due to walking
Outcome:-
Lasting
381 days,
the Montgomery bus boycott resulted in the Supreme court ruling
segregation on public buses unconstitutional.
Bus boycott helped eliminate early barriers to transportation access.
The impact of presidential activism: Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson
Truman:- (1945- 1953)
Executive Order 9980 & 9981 (1948)
- Desegregates the US Armed forces and Federal workplace
President's Committee on Civil Rights (1946)
- Created by the Executive Order 9808 to exposed inequality across the nation for black citizens
Eisenhower:- (1953- 1961)
Executive Order 11590 (1955)
- It aimed to eliminate discrimination in federal hiring
Civil Rights Act of 1957
- established the US Commission on Civil Rights
(CCR)
whom were responsible of investigating, reporting, and making recommendations concerning civil rights in the US
Civil Rights Act of 1960
- established federal inspection of local voting polls and punished those who obstructed someone's attempt to register a vote
Civil Rights Division in the Department of Justice (1957)
- Federals government responsibility for enforcing punishment to any type of discrimination
Kennedy:- (1961- 1963)
Executive Order 11063 (1962)
- It banned segregation in federally funded housing
Civil Rights Act of 1964- (Kennedy's legacy implemented by L.B. Johnson)
Banned any type of discrimination for all aspects of life in America
Johnson:- (1963- 1969)
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
- War on Poverty initiative
Voting Rights Act of 1965
- Voting rights for Black Americans established restrictive measures
Civil Rights Act (1968)
- Prohibited discrimination in housing
-
24th Amendment (1964)
- Abolished the Poll Tax in Federal elections
Executive Order 11246 (1965)
- It prohibited any type of discrimination in employment decisions
The role and significance of Martin Luther King
Formed the SCLC in 1957:
Trained people to fight inequality using his methods
17th May 1957, MLK first speech in Washington DC to 15,000
SCLC and MLK, was the forefront of the 1950s Civil Rights Movement
Made leader of the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Legacy:-
MLK's leadership contributed to the overall success of the Civil Rights Movement in the mid 1900s and continues to impact Civil Rights Movements in the present day.
'We will use the methods of passive Resistance and even if we receive violence we will not be violent' -
MLK
On
Aug. 28, 1963
, Martin Luther King Jr. spoke to more than
200,000
people from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.
(I have a Dream speech)
Malcolm X and the emergence of Black Power
Malcolm X:-
Malcolm X was a
minister
, a
leader in the civil rights movement
and a
supporter of Black nationalism.
He urged his fellow Black Americans to
protect themselves against white aggression “by any means necessary,”
a stance that often put him at odds with the nonviolent teachings of Martin Luther King, Jr.
Black Power:-
Black Power began as
revolutionary movement
in the 1960s and 1970s. It emphasized
racial pride, economic empowerment,
and the creation of political and cultural institutions.