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Respiration and gas exchange - Coggle Diagram
Respiration and gas exchange
Respiration
Energy needs
Making new cells.
Cell division.
Making protein molecules.
Producing heat inside the body.
Contracting muscles.
Aerobic respiration.
The chemical reactions in cells that use oxygen to break down nutrient molecules to release energy.
Balanced equation
C6 H12 06 + 6O2 -------> 6CO2 + 6H2O +38 ATP molecules
Word equation
Glucose + oxygen -------> carbon dioxide + water + 2 ATP molecules
Some cells in your body breath anaerobically for a short period of time so they don't produce CO2 and alcohol instead produce lactic acid.
Glucose ------> lactic acid
Anaerobic respiration
The chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules to release energy without using oxygen.
Word equation
Glucose -------> alcohol + carbon dioxide
Gas exchange
Gas exchanging surfaces
Characteristics of these surfaces
Good supply of oxygen.
Large surface area
They are thin to allow gases to diffuse across them quickly.
They are close to an efficient transport system to take gasses to and from the exchange surface.
Gas exchange system
Alveoli
At the end of each bronchiole their are tiny air sacs called alveoli
This is where gas exchange occurs.
Intercostal muscles
Bronchioles
Bronchi further divides bronchioles
External intercostal muscles
Lungs
Diaphram
Bronchi
The trachea goes through the thorax and divides into two
Trachea 1
First the air travels from the nose or the mouth into the trachea
Goblet cells
They secrete sticky mucus. All the dust particles get trapped so they can't enter the lungs.
Cilia
Sweep the mucus up towards the back of the throat.
Gas exchange in the lungs
The wall of the alveoli are the gas exchange surface. Tiny capillaries are closely wrapped around the outside of the alveoli. Oxygen diffuses across the walls of the alveoli into the blood. Carbon dioxide diffuses the other way.
Exercise and breathing rate
The rate at which your breathing muscles work - and therefore your breathing rate - is monitored by the brain. The brain constantly monitors the pH of the blood that flows through it. If there is a lot of carbon dioxide or lactic acid in the blood, this causes the pH to fall. When the brain senses this, it sends nerve impulses to the muscles that cause breathing movements, the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles. The nerve impulses stimulate these muscles to contract harder and more often. The result is a faster breathing rate and deeper breaths.
Tobacco smoking
Components of tobacco smoking
Carbon monoxide
Is a poisonous gas
Reduces the oxygen - carrying capacity of the blood.
Smoke particles
Get trapped in the lungs
WBC try to remove them but the chemical the WBC secrete in large amounts can lead to COPD.
Tar
Contains carcinogens
Can cause cancer
Nicotine
Affects the brain
Addictive drug
This why smokers find it extremely hard to give up
Makes blood vessels narrower