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CRIME AND DEVIANCE - Coggle Diagram

- - - - GOFFMAN STRENGTHS
        
        Recognises the role of social dynamics and power relations in shaping individuals likelihood of engaging in criminal behaviour
        
        Helps explain why some individuals may be more likely to engage in criminal behaviour as a means of achieving their goals and status within a social group
      - GOFFMAN CRITICISMS
        
        Doesnt accurately explain why some individuals with significant social and cultural advantages do not engage in criminal behaviour, while others with minimal advantages do
        
        Doesn't consider influences such as behaviour, upbringing and culture
    - - LEMERT STRENGTHS
        
        Recognises the role of social and personal factors shaping individuals likelihood of engaging in criminal behaviour
        
        Helps to explain why some individuals may be more likely to engage in criminal behaviour as a result of the challenges they face
      - LEMERT CRITICISMS
        
        Doesn't consider influences such as personality, upbringing and cultural values
    - - BECKER CRITICISMS
        
        Over simplify the complex and varied factors that influence individuals likelihood of engaging in criminal behaviour
        
        Downplay the role of individual agent and personal choice in these behaviours
      - BECKER STRENGTHS
        
        Recognises the role of social and cultural definitions and labelling in shaping individuals likelihood of engaging in criminal behaviour
        
        The labelling process involves 4 stages: the initial deviant act, the reaction of others to the act, the individuals response to this reaction, and the consequences of this response
- - - - POLLAK
        Pollak, who explained women’s crime in terms of traditional sex roles, claimed that women are comfortable with lying
      - CHIVALRY THESIS CRITICISMS
        
        Heidensohn- chivalry thesis perpetrates stereotypical views of gender and doesn’t consider differences in the types and seriousness of crime committed by men and women
        
        Doesn't account for other factors such as race and class
        
        Feminists- ignores the reality that many womens are victims of violence and abuse, and justice system fails to hold men accountable
    - - In 2015, Lancaster University reported on data from CSEW
        Violent crime is 60% higher than official statistics suggest, due to a ruling that a person can only be registered as a victim of violent crimes five times.
    - - HEIDENSOHN STRENGTHS
        
        Challenges traditional gender stereotypes
        
        Research has shown women are not simply passive victims of crime, but they can be active agents in shaping their own experiences
      - HEIDENSOHN CRITICISMS
        
        Overemphasises the role of gender and ignores class, race and age
        
        Difficult to apply ideas in a practical way, as its challenging to identify and address underlying gender based biases and inequalities
    - - CARLEN STRENGTHS
        
        Challenges traditional gender stereotypes and assumptions
        
        Carlens perspective helps promote a more equal and fair society
      - CARLEN CRITICISMS
        
        Difficult to apply ideas in a practical way, as its challenging to identify and address underlying gender based expectations
    - - FEMINISM WEAKNESSES
        
        Overlooks issues of class, race, age
        
        Overlooks the possibility that not all female crime can be excused on the grounds of gender and victimisation.
        Data from the police statistics in America show arrests for domestic violence are around 16-25%
- - - - DURKHEIM CRITICISMS
        
        Crime is traumatic on individuals, families and communities
        
        Victims of crime, or people who fear crime would not agree with Durkheim
        
        Box- crime functions for the good of the rich and capitalist class
        
        The powerful may manipulate public opinion on crime to divert attention away from the indeuqlaities created by capitalist organisations
        
        Anomie is a vague concept and difficult to operationalise
    - - MERTON CRITICISMS
        
        Over emphasises consensus about cultural goals
        e.g. surveys indicate that the poor don't believe they will achieve material success
        
        Some individuals are more motivated by altruism than material success- helping others
        
        Doesn't help explain juvenile deliquency- vandalism
        
        Marxists- Merton does not deal with the issue of power adequately
    - - COHEN CRITICISMS
        
        Willis- 'Learning to Labour', found his lads did not share the same goals as conformist youth- they defined educational failure as success because they wanted jobs in car factories, rejecting the goal of educational qualifications
        
        Most delinquents settle down to a life of conformity as they get older
        
        Most lower class boys do not turn to juvenile deliquency
        
        Generalises working class parents- the fault could lie with the education system and teachers who favour middle class students
    - - MILLER CRITICISMS
        
        Some working class enjoy their jobs
        
        Matza- subcultural theories over predict delinquency as we are all potentially deviant, only a minority become it
        
        Over simplify the complex and varied factors that influence how individuals navigate and negotiate social norms and expectations
        
        Downplays the role of personal choice in these behaviours
    - - SUTHERLAND STRENGTHS
        
        Recognises the role of social interactions and relationships in shaping behaviours
        
        Helps explain how criminal behaviour is not an inherent
      - SUTHERLAND CRITICISMS
        
        May oversimplify the complex and varied factors that influence criminal behaviour
        
        Downplays the role of personal choice
    - - CLOWARD AND OHLIN CRITICISMS
        
        Doesn't explain why people in criminal subcultures dont commit crime, and people in conflict subcultures commit crime
        
        Doesn't take into account personality, upbringing and cultural values
      - CLORWARD AND OHLIN STRENGTHS
        
        Recognises the role of social and economic inequality in shaping individuals likelihood of engaging in criminal behaviour
        
        Explains why some people turn to crime as a means of achieving their goals, limited opportunities and recourses
- - - - GORDON STRENGTHS
        
        Takes into account the social and economic structures of society and how they shape patterns of crime and deviance
        
        Recognises that crime and deviance are not simply individuals actions, but are the result of complex social and economic processes
      - GORDON CRITICISMS
        
        May oversimplify the complexity of crime
        
        ignores factors such as individuals personality, family and community
    - - CRITICISMS
        
        This idea is difficult to demonstrate
        
        Ideology is difficult to operationalise
        
        Over theoretical, and fails to suggest ways the existence of ruling class ideology could be verified
    - - CHAMBLISS AND MANKOFF STRENGTHS
        
        Recognises that laws do not operate in a vacuum, but are shaped by the values and power relations of society in which they exist
      - CHAMBLISS AND MANKOFF CRITICISMS
        
        Tends to overemphasise the role of laws and CJS in shaping definitions of crime and deviance
        
        Downplays factors such as social, economic and cultural conditions
- - - - HENRY AND MILOVANOVIC STRENGTHS
        
        Explains purposeless crimes, like hate crimes and vandalism
        
        Recognises the role of social and cultural factors in shaping what is considered criminal behaviour
        
        Helps explain why certain behaviours may be seen as acceptable in some societies
      - HENRY AND MILOVANOVIC CRITICISMS
        
        Difficult to work and conduct research with a definition of crime that is not accepted by official statistics gathering organisations - ONS
        
        Difficult to explain or prevent crime is the causes cannot be researched
        
        Downplays the role of personal choice and responsibility
    - - LYNG STRENGTHS
        
        Recognises the role of identify in shaping criminal behaviour
        
        Helps explain why certain behaviours may be more common among certain groups of people
      - LYNG CRITICISMS
        
        Neglects the role of biological and physical factors in shaping criminal behavior
    - - BECK STRENGTHS
        
        Recognises the increasing interconnectedness of society and the ways this interconnectedness can create new types of risks and vulnerability
        
        Helps explain how events and activities in one part of the world can have far reaching consequences for people in other parts of the world
      - BECK CRITICISMS
        
        Overemphasises the role of global risks and neglects other factors
        
        Neglects the role of local and national level responses to global risks and the ways these responses can influence the liklihood of global risks
    - - KATZ STRENGTHS
        
        Recognises the role of individual motivates and desires in shaping criminal behaviour
        
        Helps explain why certain behaviours may be more common among certain groups of people
      - KATZ CRITICISMS
        
        Downplays the role of structural factors, such as social inequality
        
        Neglects the ways in which broader social and cultural forces may influence the likelihood of engaging in criminal behaviour
- - - - LEA AND YOUNG STRENGTHS
        
        It acknowledges the influence of social and cultural factors
      - LEA AND YOUNG CRITICISMS
        
        Oversimplifies the complex and varied motivations behind criminal behaviour
        
        Individual characteristics and experiences may contribute to criminal behaviour
        
        The theory implies that people of disadvantaged groups are more prone to criminal behaviour- steretypes