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MARKETISATION - Coggle Diagram
MARKETISATION
NEW LABOUR & INEQUALITY:
- New labour governments of 1997-2010 made a number of policies aimed to reduce the inequality :
- Designating some deprived areas as EDUCATION ACTION ZONES and providing them with additional resources
- AIM HIGHER PROGRAMME to raise aspirations of groups who are under-represented in higher education
- EDUCATION MAINTANANCE ALLOWANCES (EMA's): payments to students from low-income backgrounds to encourage them to stay on after 16 to gain better qualifications
- intorduction of the national literacy strategy, literacy and numeracy hours, and recucing primary school class size.
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- increased funding for state education
- HOWEVER critics such as BENN see a contradiction between labour policies to tackle inequality, and its commitment to marketisation
- this is what she calls the NEW LABOUR PARADOX
e.g despite introducing EMAs to encourage students to stay in education, labour also introduced tuition fees for higher education that may deter them from going to university
- Refers to the process of introducing market forces of consumer choice and competition between suppliers into areas run by the state such as education
- Marketisation had created an 'education market' by:
- reducing direct state control over education
- increasing both competition between schools and parental choice of schools
- Marketisation has become a central theme of government education policy since the '1988 Reform Act' intoduced by the conservative governement of Thatcher
- From 1997 , the New Labour governments of Blair and Brown followed similar policies, emphasising standards, diversity & choice
- From 2010, the conservative-liberal democrat coalition government took marketisation further e.g by creating academies and free schools
- Neo liberals and New right favour marketisation, arguing it means schools have to attract by competing with each other in the market
- schools that provide customers with what they want e.g exam success will thrive and those that dont go out of business
MYTH OF PARENTOCRACY
- not only does marketisation reproduce inequality, it also legitimated it by concealing its true causes & by justifying its existence
- BALL believes that marketisation gives the idea of 'parentocracy'
- this is the idea that the education system seems as if its based on parents having free choice in school
- however BALL argues that parentocracy is a myth not a reality]
- it makes it appear all parents have the same freedom to choose which school to send their children to
- In reality however middle class parents are better able to take advantage of the choices available
- E.G LEECH & CAMPOS show they can afford to move their children into catchment areas of more desirable schools
- by dsiguising the fact that schooling continues to reproduce class inequality on this way, they myth of parentocracy makes inequality in education appear fair & inevitable
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PARENTOCRACY
- DAVID describes marketised education as 'parentocracy' (ruled by parents)
- its argued power is shifted away from the producers (teachers, & schools), to the consumers (parents)
- they claim his encourages diversity among schools , gives parents more choice and raises standards
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THE FUNDING FORMULA
- schools are allocated funds by a formula based on how many pupils they attract
- As a result, popular schools get more funds and so can afford better-qualified teachers and better facilities
- Again, their popularity allows them to be more selective and attracts more able or ambitious, generally middle-class applicants
- On the other hand unpopular schools loose income, and find it difficult to match the teacher skills & facilities of their more successful rivals
- popular schools with good results & middle class pupils thrive
- unpopular schools fail to attract pupils, and their funding is further reduced
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