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CHEMOTHERAPY CLASSES, HORMONAL THERAPIES FOR CANCER, TARGETED PROTEINS…
CHEMOTHERAPY CLASSES
ALKYLATING AGENTS
MOA: bind covalently to DNA via alkyl groups, and through cross-linking, they disrupt DNA synthesis
CLINICAL USES: leukaemia, lymphoma, and a wide range of solid tumours
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TAXANES
MOA: they encourage micortubules formation but stop them from disassembling, leading to the arrest of the cell cycle in mitosis and apoptosis occurs eventually
CLINICAL USES: ovarian, breast and lung cancers
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PLATINUM COMPLEXES
MOA: these drugs enter the cells and generate reactive complexes that cross-link guanine units in DNA
CLINICAL USES: Cisplatin and it's derivatives have a very wide spectrum of anti-tumour activity but with considerable toxic effects
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SIDE EFFECTS/TOXICITY: significant thrombocytopaenia and leucopaenia (carboplatin only), nephrotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy, ototoxicity
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ANTIMETABOLITES
CLINICAL USES: leukaemia, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, cancer of the GI tract, and various other solid tumours
EXAMPLES: Methotrexate, a folic acid antagonist, is used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and non-hodgkin's lymphoma.
MOA: these interfere with normal cellular metabolism of nucleic acids, and they act with S-phase specificity
VINCA ALKALOIDS
MOA: they bind to tubulin and prevent it's polymerisation, this preventing the formation of microtubules and apoptosis occurs
CLINICAL USES: Leukaemia, lymphoma, paediatric tumous, SCLC and NSCLC, multiple myeloma, germ cell tumours and many others
EXAMPLES: Vincristine is used to treat leukaemia and Vinblastine is used in lymphomas and testicular cancer
SIDE EFFECTS/TOXICITY: Neuropathy, neutropaenia
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IMMUNOTHERAPIES
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CHECKPOINT INHIBITORS
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PD-1 checkpoint
CLINICAL EXAMPLES: Pembrolizumab (in combo with levatinib and anti-VEGF drug) i sused to treat hepatocellular carcinoma, nivolumab