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CRIMINOLOGY LO3-LO4 - Coggle Diagram
CRIMINOLOGY LO3-LO4
4.3 - Discuss how campaigns affect policy making
Newspaper campaign
Sarahs Law
Type
The
News Of The World
backed the campaign led by Sarahs mother, Sara Payne
Reason
The abduction and murder of 8-year-old Sarah by Roy Whiting, who was on the Sex Offenders Register for abducting and indecently assaulting a young girl.
Policy Introduced
:
Child Sex Offenders Disclosure Scheme.
Allows people who are able to protect children to apply for details of those living in the area with convictions for child sec offences.
It was introduced and extended to all areas in England and Wales in 2011.
What did they do?
A Petition promoted by News of the World received 700,000 signatures.
Individual campaign
Bobby Turnbull's campaign
Type:
Bobby Turnbull started a campaign to change the gun laws when a member of his family were shot and killed.
Reason:
Bobby Turnbull's mother, sister and aunt were killed on New Years Day 2012 by Michael Atherton.
Atherton had a history of domestic violence and his guns had been removed from him at one stage but were later returned.
Policy introduced:
Amendment to Firearms Act 1968 preventing any person who receives a suspended sentence of three moths or more, for any offence, from purchasing or possessing a firearm.
What did they do?
A petition to change the gun laws gained 20,000 signatures. Bobby also regularly appeared in the media and lobbied MP's
Pressure group - British Lung foundation
Type
:
Pressure Group Campaign
Aim
:
Prevent lung disease by campaigning for positive change in the UK lung health.
What did they do?
They ran a petition which secured 50,000 signatures back in 2011, and later presented it to the PM at 10 Downing Street
3.1 - Analyse situations of criminality
Question will ask to apply knowledge of the specification to the scenario or text.
Each scenario will contain information about criminal behaviour and there will be clues that point towards reasons why that behaviour is committed.
4.1 - Assess the use of criminological theories
Criminological theories
Individualistic
Behaviour modifications
Focuses on techniques to extinguish undesirable behaviours and promote desirable ones.
Reinforced behaviours are strengthened.
Behaviours that are punished are weakened.
(punished to weaken thought process leading to illegal behaviour)
Biological
Neurochemicals
Influencing brain chemistry by diet.
Gesch et al 2002
- Prisoners volunteered to either receive a vitamin/mineral or placebo drug. Research shows that it is possible for diet to impact positively on aggression, which therefore can result in lower crime rates.
Virkkunen (1987)
- found violent offenders has lower levels of serotonin, diets including salmon and fresh tuna are good sources of serotonin.
Schoenthaler (1982)
- found reducing sugar diet reduced anti-social behaviour by 48%
Eugenics
Osborne + West (1970's) -
40% of boys who had criminal records have dads who had criminal records themselves.
However in the UK a judge in 2015, ordered a mother with special needs who had 6 children to be sterilised
Nazi sterilisation program
- incarcerated criminals prevented from reproducing
Death Penalty
Most extreme biological driven policy of a capital punishment or state execution.
1032 people were executed in 2016.
In the UK it was temporarily abolished, last murder took place in 1969.
Statistics show that in the US states which don't have the death penalty have lower murder rates.
25% murder rates were higher in death penalty states.
Sociological
Penal Populism
The government will attempt to gain popularity with the public by introducing new laws to punish offenders.
Started after the James Bulger case when people become concerned with violent crimes in the community and media said not to be soft on crime in the UK
Tony Blair
- 'tough on crime and tough on causes of crime.' Introduced punitive laws (laws that intended to be punished) or 3 strikes your out in England and Wales. 3rd drug trafficking gives you 7 years in prison.
CCTV
A way for the police to identify the criminal.
CCTV can help prevent crime.
Zero Tolerance
Demand that all crime is acted on, no matter how trivial.
Broken window theory
- means that seemingly minor instances of social and physical disorder in urban areas can contribute to an atmosphere of lawlessness that encourage more serious crime.
zero tolerance
- can result in significant drops in crime, however it can cause accusations against police of repression.
Policy development
- Informal policy making:
Done by less authoritative figures and are not informed nationally
Formal policy making:
Governmental policies and laws made by authoritative figures which go through parliament
3.2 - Evaluate the effectiveness of criminological theories to explain causes of criminality
On the other mind map with the criminological theories
4.2 - Explain how social changes affect policy development
Social changes -
Social Values -
Rules shared by most people in society, or ideas that they hold in value. They are more general guidelines than norms
Norms -
Social expectations that guide behaviour and explain why people behave and act in the way they do. They keep in check deviant behaviour. It is expected behaviour but could vary from one culture to another.
Mores -
Mores are good ways of behaving. Norms that a culture would think of as too serious to break.
Public perceptions of crime
-
Drink Driving
- Now see as serious and reflected in laws, e.g - 1967 Road Safety Act.
Drink Driving Campaigns
THINK
BRAKE
Smoking
- Seen as undesirable. Laws such as Children and Families Act 2014 prohibits smoking in vehicles when children are present.
Anti-smoking campaigns
- ASH (Action on smoking and health)
Demographic changes
Criminologists use demographics to understand the reasons why crime occurs,
the locations of crime and who commits it.
Aspects of demographic such as age,
race, gender and social class
can be studied to provide information on criminal behaviour
Cultural changes -
Crime becomes a natural consequence of a culture shift, almost a way of life. Illegal video streaming, from sports to movies. Within a community many
people may not see this as a crime, so it isn't reported and therefore becomes acceptable.