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Digestive & Urinary System Evie Ramos per 2 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive & Urinary System
Evie Ramos
per 2
Major functions of the digestive system
mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods and
absorption of nutrients
Mechanical digestion breaks down large pieces of food into
smaller ones
Chemical digestion breaks down large nutrient molecules into smaller chemicals by breaking chemical bonds
Major functions of the urinary system
Filters salts and wastes from the blood
Helps maintain normal concentrations of electrolytes and water
Regulates pH and body fluid volume
Helps control red blood cell production and blood pressure
Major organs of the digestive system
Mouth
Breaks down food/starts digestion of carbohydrates
Pharynx
Connects mouth with esophagus
Esophagus
Pushes food into stomach
Stomach
Secretes acid and mixes with food to breakdown and digest protein
Liver
produces bile witch emulsifies fat
Gallbladder
Stores bile and releases into small intestines
Pancreas
Secretes pancreatic juice
Small/Large Intestines
Small intestines mixes food with bile and pancreatic juice and starts absorbing nutrients
Rectum
Regulation of elimination of feces
Anus
Where feces exits out of body
Major organs of the urinary systems
Kidneys: filter the blood
Ureters: transport urine from kidneys to bladder
Urinary bladder: stores urine
Urethra: conveys urine to the outside of the body
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions
Salivary amylase
Begins carbohydrate digestion by breaking
down starch to disaccharides
Pepsin
Begins protein digestion
Pancreatic amylase
Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Pancreatic lipase
Breaks down starch into disaccharides
Proteolytic enzymes
Break down proteins or partially digested
proteins into peptides
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Pancreatic juice located in pancreas contains enzymes that digest carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids
Pancreatic amylase breaks down starch into disaccharides
Pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides to glycerol and fatty acids
Two nucleases break down nucleic acids to nucleotides
Proteolytic enzymes, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase, each split certain bonds between amino acids, to break down proteins to dipeptides
Gastric glands within the thick mucosa of the stomach open into the lumen as gastric pits
Pepsinogen: inactive form of pepsin
Pepsin: A protein splitting enzyme that digests nearly
all types of dietary protein into polypeptides
Hydrochloric acid: Provides the acid environment needed for the production and action of pepsin
Mucus:alkaline protective layer on the stomach’s inner surface
Intrinsic factor: Necessary for vitamin B12 absorption in
small intestine
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Mucosa: Inner layer
Submucosa: lies under mucosa
Muscularis: 2 layers of smooth muscle: inner circular layer/outer longitudinal layer
Serosa: Outer serous layer
Stomach
Cardia: a small region near opening to the esophagus
Fundus: a small, rounded region superior to the cardia
Body region: main portion of stomach between fundus/pylorus
Pylorus: distal portion, near small intestine
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Nephron
Functional unit of kidney can produce urine independently
Consists of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule
Renal corpuscle:Filtration structure in renal cortex, which performs the first step of urine formation
Renal tubule: glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop (descending and ascending limbs, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Urinary disorders
Bladder cancer: body cells grow out of control
Urinary tract infection: abnormal growth of bacteria anywhere along the urinary tract combined with symptoms
Kidney Stones: contains many dissolved minerals salt
Digestive disorders
Cholecystitis: Inflammation of gallbladder
Gastroesophageal reflux disease: chronic disease occurs when esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing contents of stomach to move into esophagus
Inflammatory Bowel Disease: chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation in digestive tract
Peptic ulcers: sores that develop in lining of stomach or duodenum
Colon dissease: Hemorrhoids: inflammed veins in rectum or anus
Polyps: tissue growth on mucous membrane.