Digestive & Urinary System
Evie Ramos
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Major functions of the digestive system

Major functions of the urinary system

Major organs of the digestive system

Major organs of the urinary systems

Digestive enzymes (including names and functions

Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule

Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)

Nephron anatomy and physiology

Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems

mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods and
absorption of nutrients

Mechanical digestion breaks down large pieces of food into
smaller ones

Chemical digestion breaks down large nutrient molecules into smaller chemicals by breaking chemical bonds

Filters salts and wastes from the blood

Helps maintain normal concentrations of electrolytes and water

Regulates pH and body fluid volume

Helps control red blood cell production and blood pressure

Mouth

Pharynx

Esophagus

Stomach

Liver

Gallbladder

Pancreas

Small/Large Intestines

Rectum

Anus

Breaks down food/starts digestion of carbohydrates

Regulation of elimination of feces

Secretes pancreatic juice

produces bile witch emulsifies fat

Pushes food into stomach

Connects mouth with esophagus

Secretes acid and mixes with food to breakdown and digest protein

Stores bile and releases into small intestines

Small intestines mixes food with bile and pancreatic juice and starts absorbing nutrients

Where feces exits out of body

Kidneys: filter the blood

Ureters: transport urine from kidneys to bladder

Urinary bladder: stores urine

Urethra: conveys urine to the outside of the body

Salivary amylase

Pepsin

Pancreatic amylase

Pancreatic lipase

Proteolytic enzymes

Begins carbohydrate digestion by breaking
down starch to disaccharides

Begins protein digestion

Breaks down starch into disaccharides

Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

Break down proteins or partially digested
proteins into peptides

Pancreatic juice located in pancreas contains enzymes that digest carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids

Mucosa: Inner layer

Submucosa: lies under mucosa

Muscularis: 2 layers of smooth muscle: inner circular layer/outer longitudinal layer

Serosa: Outer serous layer

Stomach

Cardia: a small region near opening to the esophagus

Fundus: a small, rounded region superior to the cardia

Body region: main portion of stomach between fundus/pylorus

Pylorus: distal portion, near small intestine

Pancreatic amylase breaks down starch into disaccharides

Pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides to glycerol and fatty acids

Two nucleases break down nucleic acids to nucleotides

Proteolytic enzymes, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase, each split certain bonds between amino acids, to break down proteins to dipeptides

Gastric glands within the thick mucosa of the stomach open into the lumen as gastric pits

Pepsinogen: inactive form of pepsin

Pepsin: A protein splitting enzyme that digests nearly
all types of dietary protein into polypeptides

Hydrochloric acid: Provides the acid environment needed for the production and action of pepsin

Mucus:alkaline protective layer on the stomach’s inner surface

Intrinsic factor: Necessary for vitamin B12 absorption in
small intestine

Nephron

Functional unit of kidney can produce urine independently

Consists of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule

Renal corpuscle:Filtration structure in renal cortex, which performs the first step of urine formation

Renal tubule: glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop (descending and ascending limbs, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

Urinary disorders

Digestive disorders

Bladder cancer: body cells grow out of control

Cholecystitis: Inflammation of gallbladder

Gastroesophageal reflux disease: chronic disease occurs when esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing contents of stomach to move into esophagus

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation in digestive tract

Peptic ulcers: sores that develop in lining of stomach or duodenum

Colon dissease: Hemorrhoids: inflammed veins in rectum or anus

Polyps: tissue growth on mucous membrane.

Urinary tract infection: abnormal growth of bacteria anywhere along the urinary tract combined with symptoms

Kidney Stones: contains many dissolved minerals salt