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SLEEP APNEA, image, Subject: Otorhinolaryngology Clinic. Members: …

- - - - is the most common type of sleep apnea.
      - happens when your upper airway becomes blocked while you sleep, reducing or completely stopping airflow.
    - - diagnosis
        
        the following is carried out:
        
        STOP-BANG questionnaire: Includes answers provided by the patient.
        
        Polysomnography.
        
        Electroencephalogram.
    - - incidence:
        
        is
        
        more prevalent in men than women
        
        and
        
        increases with age up to 50 to 60 years old.
    - - etiology
        
        is usually due to:
        
        Obesity.
        
        Neck circumference greater than 17 inches (43cm) in men and 15 inches (38cm) in women.
        
        Drinking alcohol and smoking.
        
        Patients with acromegaly.
        
        Heart or kidney failure.
        
        Large tonsils and a thick neck.
    - - pathophysiology:
        
        There is a recurrent collapse of the pharyngeal airways during sleep, resulting in a substantial reduction (hypopnea) or complete cessation (apnea) of airflow despite continued efforts to breathe.
        
        and
        
        these disruptions to breathing lead to intermittent blood gas disturbances (hypercapnia and hypoxemia) and surges of sympathetic activation.
    - - such as:
        
        Excessive daytime sleepiness.
        
        Loud snoring.
        
        Observed episodes of stopped breathing during sleep.
        
        Abrupt awakenings accompanied by gasping or choking.
        
        Awakening with a dry mouth or sore throat.
        
        Morning headache.
        
        Difficulty concentrating during the day.
        
        Mood changes, such as depression or irritability.
        
        High blood pressure.
    - - treatment
        
        is based on:
        
        Lifestyle changes and treating underlying medical conditions.
        
        Is very important weight loss in overweight and obese patients.
        
        Positional therapy.
        
        Positive airway pressure therapy.
        
        and
        
        Surgical treatments: Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, maxillomandibular advancement, implantable hypoglossal nerve stimulator.
    - - measures of the home
        
        to take into account, are:
        
        Calm the person down after the night terror.
        
        Avoid smoke cigarettes.
        
        Encourage the habit of exercising.
        
        Allow the person to sleep comfortably.
- - - - etiology
        
        is usually due to:
        
        Fibrillation.
        
        Heart failure either with preserved or reduced ejection fraction.
        
        Ischemic stroke.
        
        Spinal cord injury.
        
        Renal failure.
        
        Chronic opioid.
    - - incidence:
        
        It occurs most often in adults over 65 years of age.
    - - measures of the home
        
        to take into account, are:
        
        Learn about the condition.
        
        Avoid triggers.
        
        Maintain contact with the doctor.
        
        Keep away the alcohol.
        
        Allow the person to sleep comfortably.
        
        it's necessary to motivate people to lose weight.
    - - such as:
        
        Excessive tiredness during the day.
        
        Poor quality sleep.
        
        Insomnia.
        
        Difficulties with attention and concentration.
        
        Waking up with shortness of breath.
        
        Morning headaches.
        
        Nighttime chest discomfort.
        
        Excessive daytime sleepiness.
        
        Poor sleep.
        
        Reports of abnormal nighttime breathing.
    - - depends on:
        
        If the complications are mild, treating the underlying cause may be enough to resolve the abnormal breathing patterns.
        
        If the complications are severe (such as reduced blood flow to the heart or an irregular heart rhythm), both the underlying cause and the abnormal breathing patterns may be treated at the same time.
    - - diagnosis
        
        the following is carried out:
        
        An overnight sleep study, also called polysomnography:
        A person sleeps while measurements of various physical functions are collected using sensors attached to the head, chest, and body parts.
        
        Bodily functions that may be measured during a sleep study include:
        
        Sleep stages.
        
        Respiratory effort.
        
        Airflow.
        
        Amount of oxygen in the blood.
        
        Heart rate and rhythm.
    - - pathophysiology:
        
        Central sleep apnea occurs because the brain doesn't send the proper signals to the muscles that control breathing.