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Skeletal system - Coggle Diagram

- - - - skull
      - Vertebral column
      - ribs
      - Sternum
      - mandible
      - Sacrum
  - - - upper limps (humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalange)
      - lower limps (femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges)
      - pectoral girdle (clavicle, scapula)
      - pelvic girdle
- - - - Post menopausal: caused by an oestrogen efficiency after the menopausal stage.
      - Senile: caused by the natural programmed death of cells
    - - estrogen has an anabolic effect on osteoblasts and apoptotic effect on osteoclasts.
        
        Female = bone metabolism
        
        Male
      - testosterone
        
        Male = trabecular
    - - Smoking loss in ability to absorb calcium & breaking down estrogen
      - Ageing, is depended on the bone mass during youth
      - Genetics
      - Low calcium intake , Ca2+ is in the inorganic matter of the bone.
    - - body is easy to fracture
      - Back pain
      - loss of height over time
      - Receding gums
      - brittle fingernails
      - stooped posture
      - fewer trabeculae
      - thinning of the compact bone
      - widening of the haversian canal
    - - osteoblasts
        
        formation of bone (osteoblastic bone formation)
        
        Naturally slower
      - osteoclasts
        
        destruction of bone (osteoclastic bone resorption)
        
        Naturally faster
    - - Medical (biophosphates)
        
        Alendronates (block osteoclasts)
        
        Raloxifene (selective oestrogen receptor)
        
        teriparatide (advanced only and increases bone formation)
      - Non-medicinal
        
        Vitamin D (dietary or sun)
        
        Exercise
        
        No smoking
        
        Calcuim intake
        
        be more active
  - - - oestrogen
        
        affects muscle and bone mineral density
        
        Joint tissues have oestrogen receptors that protect the lubrication, structure and function of the joint
      - testosterone
        
        affect the knee joint
    - - Ageing
        
        programmed cell death
      - inflammation : break down of cartilage through proteolysis (more catabolism)
        
        decrease of elasticity
        
        chondrocytes can't keep up with renewing the cartilage
        
        cartilage becomes softer and flake in the joint
        
        cells get into the joint space and inflame the joint
      - previous joint injury
      - genetice
      - obesity
    - - pain and stiffness in the joints
      - sharp pain and burning sensation (despite no physical swelling in the joint)
    - - friction between the bones
      - breakdown of articular cartilage
      - restricting movement
      - when som
    - - medicinal
        
        hyaluronic acid injections (to reduce inflammation)
        
        surgery
      - Non-medicinal
        
        losing weight
        
        physical therapy