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CLINICAL ASPECTS - Coggle Diagram
CLINICAL ASPECTS
DIAGNOSIS
HISTOLOGICAL
Paraffin-embedding
10% formalin.
(H & E).
Frozen
–25°C
H &E.
Tumour markers:
in blood.
-Not primary
eg
(a-FP):
liver or
testicular cancer,
PSA
prostate,
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY
antigen-antibody complex
‘chromogen’.
CYTOLOGICAL
-Exfoliative
-Fine needle
HOST RESPONSE
Tumour antigens
mutated tumour suppressor
genes
p53
CD8+ T cells
oncogenes
RAS
:arrow_upper_right:cellular proteins:
HER2/ neu
Antitumour immune responses
:red_flag:Cell-mediated
CD8+ T
NK
macrophage
Humoral
Targeted antibodies
Immunotherapy.
Cytokine
interleukin-2,
interferon-a
Monoclonal antibody
Cellular
tumour specific-
cytotoxic T cells
TUMOUR ON HOST
LOCAL EFFECTS:
destruction
Infarction,
obstruction
ulceration,
Compression:
hemorrhage
SYSTEMIC EFFECTS
CACHEXIA
vomiting
(TNF-a)
:arrow_lower_right:absorption
diarrhea.
:red_cross:appetite
anxiety, pain,
insomnia
FEVER
Hodgkin’s disease,
Osteosarcoma.
Anaemia:
:arrow_lower_right:nutrition
bone marrow
metastasis
blood loss
LYSIS SYNDROME
-Caused by
:arrow_upper_right:destruction tumor cells.
after chemotherapy
lymphomas
results
-Hyperuricaemia,
acidosis
hyperkalaemia,
renal failure.
hyperphosphataemia
hypocalcaemia,
PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES
lung
squamous cell carcinoma
parathormone
Hypercalcaemia
lung
small cell carcinoma
ACTH
Cushing’s