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Unit IV: Screenshot 2023-05-16 5.49.29 PM - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Ayatollah (1902-1989)
        
        Religious leader
        
        Political leader
        
        "Too Western..."
        
        Exiled by the Shah for his criticism
        
        Opposed Shah's "reforms"
      - Criticisms
        
        Believed that the Shah was a "puppet ruler" (controlled by US)
        
        Believed Western ideas/materialism was ruining Iranian society
    - - Protests against the Shah (Student-led & some did die)
      - From exile, Khomeini called for marches, which did grow violent
      - Shah fled (Black Friday)
    - - Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1919-1980)
        
        Rose to power in 1941 by Allies
        
        Considered progressive ruler
        
        Unhappy with criticism
      - US Support
        
        Fear Iran would be Communist
        
        Desire for natural resources (Oil)
        
        CIA trained Shah's secret police
    - - Khomeini preached return to traditional Islamic values
      - US refuses to recognize new leader
      - Iran takes American hostages at US embassy
    - - Rise of anti-American feelings in the Middle East
      - Known as "Islamic Revolution"
      - Overthrow of Shah (Iranian monarchy) and rise of a religious Islamic state
    - - Middle East realized they could stand up to superpowers
        
        Saddam Hussein (Iraq)
        
        Palestinians (Israel)
        
        Taliban (Afghanistan)
        
        ISIS?
      - Set new image of Islam around the world (Fundamentalism)
      - US was shocked by Revolution (placed sanctions and cut diplomatic ties)
  - - - The "Dispersa"
        
        Romans conquered Canaan (Israel) (63 BC)
        
        Revolts after Jesus' death = Romans expelled Jews
        
        Jews scattered in many countries around the world
      - Anti-Semitism Throughout 19th and 20th Centuries
        
        The Holocaust
        
        Ignoring the Holocaust ever happened
        
        Limited education on the topic
      - Basic Jewish History / Religious Principles
        
        One of the oldest religions
        
        Monotheistic
        
        Old Testament / Torah
        
        Based mostly on Abraham and Moses' teachings
        
        Began over 4,000 years ago
        
        Came from Abraham & the land of Canaan (Israel)
      - Impact on Modern Europe (Germany)
        
        Acceptance of the Holocaust
        
        Education on the topic
        
        Vigorous prosecution
    - - History / Founding
        
        Worlds largest and fastest growing religion
        
        Monotheistic
        
        One God = Allah
        
        Also an ethical system & lifestyle
        
        1 & 1.8 billion followers
      - The Prophet Muhammad
        
        Creator of Islam
        
        Teachings recorded in the Qur'an, Islam's holy book
        
        Borrowed from Jewish/Christian teachings
        
        Teachings started in the holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia)
      - The Five Pillars
        
        One God (Allah)
        
        Prayer (5 times a day facing the Mecca)
        
        Charity (Giving 2% of income each year to the poor and charity)
        
        Fasting (Refraining from eating during Ramadan -> August-November)
        
        Pilgrimage (Known as Hajj, Muslims who are able to must visit Mecca)
      - Sunnis / Shiites
        
        Sunni = Followers of the elected Muslim leaders
        
        Largest group (85%)
        
        Majority of the Middle East
        
        Shi'a = Followers of Muhammad's relatives
        
        Iran
        
        Afghanistan
        
        Iraq
  - - - Jewish political movement in Europe during the 19th/20th centuries
      - Spiritual and political renewal of the Jewish people in the ancestral homeland of Palestine
    - - Palestine wanted an end to Jewish immigration
      - Wanted an end to the transfer of land to Jewish owners
      - Wanted a new "general representative government"
      - British did nothing and let these things happen
    - - After World War I, Great Britain took control of Israel (1918)
      - Called it Palestine (Muslim citizens = Palestinians)
    - - Despite efforts, peace remains allusive
      - Discussions over land / resources
      - Influence of terrorist/outside political elements
      - Palestinian "self-rule" / land ownership
      - Access to religious sites
    - - Ongoing conflict
        
        Israel (Jewish)
        
        Palestinians (Muslims that lived in Israel)
- - - - Joao Goulart (president at the time) went against US interest
      - CIA coup removed Goulart from power
      - Major oil trading with US
      - Military dictatorship (1964-1984)
    - - Critical of US companies that ended up with him being assassinated by CIA
      - Military takes control (1973-1990)
      - Salvador Allende - Socialist political leader
    - - Cuban Revolution = conflict between supporters of government and anti-government rebels
      - Fidel Castro was the rebel leader
      - Castro was a former lawyer turned revolutionary
      - Castro becomes leader
    - - CIA supporter of Bolivian military
      - Led to growth of the drug trade / future drug cartels
      - Interest of US companies and large US investments
      - Long history of military dictatorships & fraudulent elections
    - - Installed military dictatorship (1954-1996)
      - Guatemala Civil War & Genocide (1960-1990)
      - CIA coup overthrown Jacobo Arbenz from power (1954)
    - - Communist-based political party (popular support)
      - US/CIA supported anti-government (secret funds/training in sabotage)
      - Iran / Contra Scandal (1984-1986)
      - Ruled by Somoza family - overthrown by Sandistas
      - Nicaragua Civil War (1979-1990)
    - - Political: wanted American-style democracies
      - Security: wanted the Western Hemisphere to be US-dominated
      - Economic: wanted to dominate trade/resources
    - - Political corruption
      - Diplomatic issues (drugs, immigration, etc.)
      - Economic inequality
      - Socialist flirtation?
    - - US feared outside powers in their hemisphere that can threaten them
- - - - Military Struggle between 2 groups
        
        Chinese Nationalist Party (Democratic)
        
        Chinese Communist Party (well.. communist)
      - Communist government
      - "War for Liberation"
    - - Communist-style government overthrew the emperor at the time
    - - Won over the Chinese people
      - Became dictator of China
  - - - China was a poor nation
      - Need for land reform and end to landlords
      - Rebuild cities & modernize industry
    - - The reforms were poorly planned and did not have the same outcome as Mao had hoped
    - - Created many reforms that helped the country
  - - - "devotion of truth" or "guilt factor"
      - Idea of using disobedience as a way to protest unfair laws
      - Compassion / love for oppressors / protests
      - Methods:
        
        Boycotts of British goods
        
        Marches / Protests
        
        Strikes
        
        "Peaceful gatherings"
    - - Social and political leader who worked for India's independence
      - 1869-1948
      - Has been called the "greatest single Asian since the Buddha"
      - Was a lawyer
      - Moved to South Africa for law during apartheid
    - - Indian National Congress (INC) - 1885
      - Muslim League (1905)
      - Both wanted India to be an independent state
    - - 1946 = India was granted independence
      - Gandhi stressed friendship between Hindus & Muslims
      - Gandhi was assassinated by a Hindu because of his stance on the treatment of Muslims