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7.2 Agri Inputs and Output - Coggle Diagram
7.2 Agri Inputs and Output
Stubble Burning
PM2.5 emission (g/Kg) from burning crops:
Sugarcane (12.0)> Maize (11.2)> Cotton (9.8)> Rice (9.3)> wheat (8.5)
.
Land Reforms
Consolidation of holdings
mandatory in PJ, HR + voluntary in some + not done in some
Ceiling of land holdings(for individual farmer) & distribution of surplus land(to landless/BC such as SC/ST)
less effective as benami transfer
Tenancy reforms - to regulate rent(earlier 35-75%), provide security of tenure & ownership to tenants
lack lmplementation will
Abolition of intermediary tenures (i.e. zamindari system)
most effective
Bhoodan and Gramdaan Movements by Vinoba Bhave
Water
India largest ground water consumer + 60% water consumed by water intensive crops
CGWA(under EPA)->MoHA, CWC(Water Commission)->office under Jal Shakti
Fertigation
Mixing water-soluble fertilizers in drip system -> go to root system -> dec fertilizers wastage
Mulching
covering bare soil with straw, wood chips, shredded bark etc. to dec water evaporation, soil erosion and weed growth
Irrigation
Based on Source
Tank
Well & Tubewell
Canal
Based on Delivery Technique
Surface
Sprinkler
Drip
Sub-Surface
Centre-Pivot
Credit & Insurance
Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution -> Statutory Body Warehousing Development and Regulatory Authority (farmer deposit produce here) -> get Negotiable Warehouse Receipts(NWR) -> take loan via it OR trade it on eNAM
Misc
Subsidies
WTO AoA, Uruguay Round, 1995
Green Box
excempted
Amber Box
domestic support subject to De Minimis
MSP, Fertilizer
Blue Box
allowed but limit production; No De Minimis
De Minimis
min domestic support allowed -> 5%(developed), 10%(developing)
Peace Clause
for food security > De Minimis
Agricultural Price Policy
MSP(approved via
CCEA
)
1st sell @ APMC
22 Crops(not legal)
FRP(legal right) on Sugarcane
recommended via Commission for Agricultural Costs & Prices
Given - 1.5(A2+FL)
Demand - 1.5(A2+FL+C2)
Procurement Prices
<Market, >MSP
Issue Prices
Govt to People under National Food Security Act(i.e. legal right)
Export
Marine Products > Non-Basmati Rice > Spices > Sugar > Buffalo Meat > Basmati Rice > Raw Cotton > Wheat > Castor Oil > Tea
Buffer Stock
fixed by
CCEA
(under PM)