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Development and Types of development - Coggle Diagram
Development and Types of development
key idea: sustained increase in the standard of living in society
development is often measured in economic growth. The understanding is that a well-managed economy is crucial to the increase in living standards.
However, scholars argue that development is much more holistic and should consider social and political factors as well.
Frameworks for development
Maslow's Hierarchy of needs
shows a progression from basic human needs such as food and shelter, to higher and more complex needs such as self-esteem, relationships. According to this framework of development, self-actualisation is the most significant and sought for need.
The pyramid structure of Maslow's hierarchy of needs show that, if the bottom levels (needs) are not secured, it will be difficult to achieve upper levels. DEVELOPMENT CAN THUS BE DEFINED AS THE STRUGGLE TO FULFILL HUMAN REQUIREMENTS FROM BIOLOGICAL NEEDS TO HIGHER GOALS
Some scholars disagree with this hierarchal outlook of development and insist that all tiers of needs are as important as one another. all tiers are equally significant
Types of development
Human Development
"the process of expanding peoples freedoms and opportunities, and improving well-being" - Haq, 1990
This form of development is more individual-focused than socio-political development. IT FOCUSES ON THE FREEDOM OF ORDINARY PEOPLE AND HOW IT INFLUENCES OUR IDENTITIES AND LIFESTYLES.
Human development is concerned with "capabilities": the necessary equipment that allows the ordinary person to live a life of value. Examples of capabilities are: good health (access to healthcare), access to knowledge (education institutions), level of control over living environment (housing), and freedom from violence (equality and security)
economic development
refers to economic growth
Economic growth is concerned with increasing productivity and revenue, establishing new industries and innovating, diversifying the economy into many different sectors so that the country does not rely on one main resource for trade.
Socio-political development
refers to social and political development
eg) gender equality, education levels, acceptance for LGBTQ persons
Democratic and responsible government institutions, low-levels of corruption, independent and impartial judicial system
Development as freedom
refers to people's access to choice (Amartya Sen)
development is a way to increase people's ability to live a free, fulfilled, and happy life.
Development as freedom is concerned with the GOALS of development, and not the METHODS. Sen argues that politicians lose sight of the overall aim of development as they are too concerned with the implementation of development policies.
ECONOMIC GROWTH DOES NOT AUTOMATICALLY LEAD TO DEVELOPMENT. NOTIONS OF FREEDOM MUST BE CONSIDERED.