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Kayla Lay P2 Digestive and Urinary System - Coggle Diagram
Kayla Lay P2 Digestive and Urinary System
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Protein
stomach and small intestine
peptides and amino acids
Lipid
fatty acids and glycerol
oral cavity, stomach, and small intestine
Carbohydrate
oral cavity and small intestine
monosaccharides: glucose and fructose
Nucleic acid
phophates, pentose sugars, and nitrogenous bases.
small intestine
Absorption
Villi increases surface area for bloodstream as active and passive transports move the food subunits; large fatty acids and glycerol enter the lacteals and enter the lymphatic system
Digestive enzymes
Amylase
for carbohydrates; digest starch into smaller molecules
Lipases
for lipids; help move and store energy, absorb vitamins, and make hormones
Proteases
for proteins; secreted in inactive form to prevent self-digestion
Nucleases
for nucleic acids; helps digest DNA and RNA
Major organs of the urinary system
Ureters
slender tubes that convey urine from kidneys to bladder
enter base of bladder through posterior wall; bladder pressure increases, distal ends of ureter close, preventing backflow urine
Urinary bladder
retroperitoneal, on pelvic floor posterior to pubic symphysis
muscular sac for temporary storage of urine
Kidneys
maintain body's internal environement
produce erythropoietin and renin
activate Vitamin D
ensure long term acid base balance
regulate ion concentration in ECF
regulate total water volume and solute concentration in water
carry out gluconeogenesis
regions
renal pelvis
renal medulla
renal cortex
Urethra
muscular tube that drains urinary bladder
Major organs of the digestive system
Alimentary canal
Esophagus
flat muscular tube that runs from larynopharynx to stmoach
collapsed when not involved in food propulsion
Stomach
temporary storage tank that starts chem breakdown of protein digestion
converts bolus of food to paste-like chyme
when empty, stomach mucosa forms many rugae
major regions: cardial part, fundus, body, and pyloric part
muscularis externa: smooth muscles allow stomach not only to churn, mix, and move chyme, but also pummel it, which increases physical breakdown and ram it into small intestine
mucosa layer: secrete two layer coat of alkaline mucus; surface layer traps bicarbonate-rich fluid layer beneath
gland cells: mucous neck cells, parietal cells, cheif cells, enteroendocrine cells
Pharynx
food passes from mouth into oropharynx and then into larynopharynx
allows passage of food, fluids, and air
two skeletal external muscle layer
Small intestine
digestion and absorption
subdivisions: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
modification: villi and mircrovilli to provide huge surface area for nutrient absorption
motility
after a meal- segmentation initiated by intrinsic peacemaker cells; mixes/moves contents toward ileocecal valve
between meals- peristalsis increases initiated by rise in hormone motilin in late intestinal phase; meal remnants, bacteria, and debris are moved toward large intestine
Mouth
where food is chewed and mixed w/ enzyme-containing saliva that begins process of digestion and swallowing process is initiated
also called oral (buccal) cavity; contains lips and cheeks and palate
lined w/ stratified squamous epithelium
Anus
facilitates bowel movement
controls expulsion of feces
Large intestine
features: tenieae coli, haustra, epioploic appendages
subdivisions
colon: most retropentoneal; ascending: right side of abdominal cavity to right kidney; transverse: across abdominal cavity; descending: down left side of abdominal cavity; sigmoid: s shaped portion travels through pelvis
rectum: stop feces from being passes with gas
anus canal: last segment opens to body exterior at anus
appendix: lymphoid tissue; bacterial storehouse recolonize gut when necessary; twisted shape make it susceptible of blockages
cecum: first part
bacterial flora: fermentation and vitamin synthesis; gut bacteria
propulsion and reabsorption
Accessory digestive organs
Teeth
lie in sockets in gum-covered margins of mandible and tongue
mastication: process of chewing that tears and grinds food into smaller fragments
classified
incisors: chisel shaped for cutting
premolars:z broad crowns w/ rounded cusps used to grind or crush
canines: fanglike teeth that tear or pierce
molars: broad corwns, rounded cusps: best grinders
has two major regions: crown and root
Gallbladder
store and concentrate bile by absorbing water and ions
thin walled muscular sac on ventral surface of liver
Tongue
occupies floor of mouth
functions: gripping, repositioning, and mixing food during chewing; formation of bolus, mixure of food and saliva; initation of swallowing, speech, and taste
Salivary glands
functions: cleanses mouth; dissolves food chem for taste; moistens food, compacts into bolus; begins breakdown of starch w/ amylase
composed of serous and mucous cells
Liver
digestive function is production of bile
bilirubin; pigment formed from heme; bacteria breakdown in intestine to stercobilin that gives brown color to feces
bile salts: cholesterol derivatives function in fat emulsification and absorption
cholesterol, triglycericles, phospholipis, and electrolytes
Pancreas
supplies most of enzymes needed to digest chyme, as well as bicarbonate into neutralize stomach acid
endocrine: secretion of insulin and glucagon
exocrine: produce pancreatic juice
pancreatic juice: neutralize acidic chyme; digestive enzymes: proteases, amylase, nucleases, and lipases
Major functions of the digestive system
Absorb molecules into bloodstream
Break it down into nutrient molecules
Take in food
Rid body of any indigestible remains
Major functions of the urinary system
fluid wastes removed from the body by the kidneys
keep chemicals and water in balance
balance electrolytes
release hormones to control blood pressure
release hormone to control RBC
control calcium and phosphorus
Layers of the GI tract
Submuosa
contains blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, and submuscosal nerve plexius that supply surrounding tissues
consists of areolar connective tissue
has abundant amount of elastic tissues that help organs to regain shape after storing large meal
Muscularis externa
muscle layer responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
contains inner circular muscle layer and outer longitudinal layers; circular layers thickens tin some areas to form sphincters
Mucosa
tunic layer that lines lumen
function: different layers preform one or all three
secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones
absorbs end products of digesion
protects against infectious disease
Serosa
outermost layer, which is made up of the visceral peritoneum
Disroders
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
a chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation in the digestive tract; includes crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
Peptic Ulcers
sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or the duodenum
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
chronic disease that occurs when the esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing contents of stomach to move back into esophagus
Colon Diseases
Hemorrhoids: inflamed veins in the rectum or anus
Polyps: growth
Cholecystits
an inflammation of the gall bladder
Bladder Caner
cells of the bladder grows abnormally and have one or more tumors
Urinary Tract Infection
abnormal growth of bacteria along urinary tract and most common site is in bladder
Kidney Stones
urine has high levels of minerals and salts; hard stones can form
Nephron anatomy and physiology
the structural and functional units that forms urine in the kidneys
more than 1 million per kidney
Renal corpuscle
Glomerulus
tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium
highly porous
allows for efficient filtrate formatiom
Glomerular capsule
bowman's capsule
two layers
parietal: simple squamous epithelium
visceral: clings to glomerular capillaries; branching podcytes
Renal tubule
Nephron loop
loop of Henle
U-shaped structure consisting of two limbs: Descending limb (thin; simple squamous); Ascending (thick; cuboidal/columnar
Distal convoluted tubule
cuboidal cells w/ few micovilli
function more in secretion
confined to cortex
Proximal convoluted tubule
cuboidal cells w/ dense micovilli form brush border: increase surface area and large mitochondira
collecting ducts filtrate from many nephrons; fuse to deliver more urine through papillae into minor calyses