Joan Torres
5th Period
Digestive and Urine system
Major Functions of
Digestive/Urinary System
Digestive
Urine
Take in food through the mouth
Break down food with saliva and secretions into nutrient molecules
Absorb the molecules into the bloodstream
Trashes and expels the leftovers through defecation
Regulate water volumes, total solute concentrations, ion concentrations in ECF,
Ensure long term acid and base balance
Excrete metabolic waste, toxins, drugs
Creates eythropoietin to regulate BP and create renin
Activate vitamin D and carry out glucogenesis
Major Organs of
Digestive/Urinary
System
Digestive
Urinary
Mouth - Contains the teeth, tongue, and salivary glands where the food is mechanically broken down into a bolus
Pharynx - The area where the bolus goes down into the esophagus
Esophagus - A funnel shaped tube where the bolus travels down by peristalsis
Stomach - The area where acid dissolves the bolus chemically and turns the leftovers into chyme with the help with the gallbladder
Gallbladder - Helps with the storage as well as the concentration of bile
Liver - Produce bile as well as storage of vitamins and substances
Small Intestine - The longer intestine that also helps with the digestion of food
Large Intestine - The shorter intestine that absorbs water and turn the chyme into stool
Rectum and Anus - The rectum is the storage unit and the feces is defecated out of the anus
Kidney - Cleanses and takes out waste from substances and absorbs in water
Renal vein and artery - Transports and removes blood to and from the kidneys
Ureter - Transports urine from the kidneys into the bladder
Bladder - Temporary storage of urine made of epithelial tissue
Urethra - Long funnel-shaped tube that expels urine out of the body
Digestive Enzymes
Salivary Amylase -Made by the salivary glands of the mouth and composed of a glucose-polymer that digests carbohydrates
Pancreatic Amylase - Enzyme made by the pancreas which also helps breakdown carbohydrates
Glucoamylase - An enzyme that is released in the intestines that helps breaks down glucose molecules
Pepsin - A stomach enzyme that helps with protein breakdown
Pancreatic Enzymes (Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase) - Breaks down large polypeptides into small polypeptides and peptides
Lingual Lipase - An enzyme that helps breakdown lipids, one example being triglycerides to fatty acids
Gastric Lipase - An enzyme that breaks down fat in food to be absorbed in the intestines
Pancreatic Ribonuclease and Deoxyribonuclease - Helps breaks down nucleic acids into pentose sugars
Location of Digestion and Absorption of Each Macromolecule
Carbohydrates - They are absorbed and digested in the small intestine
Protein - They are absorbed in the small intestine and are digested in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine
Lipids/Fat - They are absorbed in the small intestine and digested in the stomach/small intestine
Nucleic Acid - They are absorbed and digested in the small intestine
Layers of GI Tract
- Mucosa - A tunic layer which lines the lumen; the different layers secretes mucus, digests enzymes/hormones, absorbs end products, and protect against disease
- Submucosa - Is composed of areolar connective tissue; contains blood and lymph vessels, follicles, and submucosa nerves plexus supplying GI tissues; has a lot of elastic tissue which helps organs regain shape
- Muscularis Externa - The muscle layer which help with segmentation and peristalsis; has inner layers of circular muscle and outer longitudinal layer (circular layer forms sphincters)
- Serosa - The outermost layer which is made of visceral peritoneum
Nephron Anatomy and Physiology
Glomerulus - Capillary tufts made of fenestrated endothelial cells; very porous; allows efficient filtrate formation
Bowman's Capsule - A cup-shaped and hollow area that surrounds the glomerulus
Renal Tubule - A single layer of epithelial cells w/ each region having unique function: proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule.
PCI - Cuboidal cells that increase surface area, reabsorbs, and secretes substances
Nephron Loop - The descending limb is the proximal portion made of simple squamous epithelium; the ascending limb is made of cuboidal and columnar epithelium
DCI - Cuboidal cells which focus more on secretion rather than absorption and is confined to the cortex
Collecting Ducts - Consists of two cells called the principal cells (maintain water and Na+ balance) and intercalated cells (cuboidal cells which help maintain acid-base balance)
Physiology - Glomerular filtration happens which is a passive process which hydrostatic pressure forces fluids to go through filtration membrane; tubular reabsorption occurs which the body retains contents into the blood; then tubular secretion happens when reverse reabsorption occurs in the PCT
Disorders of
Digestive/Urinary System
Cholecystitis - An inflammation of the gallbladder; caused by digestive tumors or diet, more common in women; symptoms are sweat, chills, and fever; cured by medication, fasting, and antibiotics
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease - A chronic disease that occurs when the esophageal sphincter relaxes and contents move back into esophagus; caused by obesity, asthma, and smoking; symptoms are chest pain, heartburn, and dry cough; cured by medication, surgery, and prescription drugs
Inflammatory Bowel Disease - A chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation in the digestive tract; causes unknown but may be environmental/genetics; symptoms are cramping, fever, and anemia; cured by medication, antibiotics, and surgery
Peptic Ulcers - Sores that develop in the living of stomach or duodenum; caused by smoking, stress, and alcohol; symptoms are bloating, weight loss, and nausea; cured by lifestyle changes, surgery, and medication
Hemorrhoids (Colon disease 1) - Inflamed veins in the rectum or anus; caused by obesity, pregnancy, or anal intercourse; symptoms are anal pain, itching, and feces leakage; treatment are medication, surgical removal, and injections
Colorectal Cancer (Colon disease 2) - Uncontrolled cell growth in the colon; caused by heredity, lifestyle, or diet; symptoms are bloody stool, fatigue, or bloating; cured by medication, surgery, or chemotherapy
Bladder Cancer - When the cells of the bladder grow out of control; caused by smoking, radiation, and heritage; symptoms are pain while urinating, backpain, pain in lower abdomen; cured by diet, medication, and chemotherapy
Urinary Tract Infection - An abnormal growth of bacteria in the urethra; caused by sexually active women, pregnant women, menopausal women; symptoms are burning when urinating, pain in lower pelvic region, and cloudy urine; cured by antibiotics, phenoazopyridine, and urinalysis
Kidney Stones - Stones that are formed from a high concentration of minerals; caused by high calcium, dehydration, and high uric acid; symptoms include intense need to urinate, sharp pain, and burning feeling; treated by medication, surgery, urindoscopy
Renal Cortex - Granular superficial part of kidneys
Renal Medulla - Deep to cortex, made of cone-shaped medullary pyramids
Papilla - The pyramid tip and points internally
Lobe - The medullary pyramid and surrounding cortical tissue; 8 per kidney
Renal Pelvis - Funnel-shaped tube continuous with ureter
Minor Calyces - Cup areas; collect urine from pyramidal papillae
Major Calyces - Areas collecting from minor calyces; empty urine into the renal pelvis
Ileum - Posteriorly attached by mesentary; joins large intestine at ileocecal valve
Jejunum - Posteriorly attached by the mesentary
Duodenum - Retroperitoneal; curves around the pancreas head and most features