Joan Torres
5th Period
Digestive and Urine system

Major Functions of
Digestive/Urinary System

Digestive

Urine

Take in food through the mouth

Break down food with saliva and secretions into nutrient molecules

Absorb the molecules into the bloodstream

Trashes and expels the leftovers through defecation

Regulate water volumes, total solute concentrations, ion concentrations in ECF,

Ensure long term acid and base balance

Excrete metabolic waste, toxins, drugs

Creates eythropoietin to regulate BP and create renin

Activate vitamin D and carry out glucogenesis

Major Organs of
Digestive/Urinary
System

Digestive

Urinary

Mouth - Contains the teeth, tongue, and salivary glands where the food is mechanically broken down into a bolus

Pharynx - The area where the bolus goes down into the esophagus

Esophagus - A funnel shaped tube where the bolus travels down by peristalsis

Stomach - The area where acid dissolves the bolus chemically and turns the leftovers into chyme with the help with the gallbladder

Gallbladder - Helps with the storage as well as the concentration of bile

Liver - Produce bile as well as storage of vitamins and substances

Small Intestine - The longer intestine that also helps with the digestion of food

Large Intestine - The shorter intestine that absorbs water and turn the chyme into stool

Rectum and Anus - The rectum is the storage unit and the feces is defecated out of the anus

Kidney - Cleanses and takes out waste from substances and absorbs in water

Renal vein and artery - Transports and removes blood to and from the kidneys

Ureter - Transports urine from the kidneys into the bladder

Bladder - Temporary storage of urine made of epithelial tissue

Urethra - Long funnel-shaped tube that expels urine out of the body

Digestive Enzymes

Salivary Amylase -Made by the salivary glands of the mouth and composed of a glucose-polymer that digests carbohydrates

Pancreatic Amylase - Enzyme made by the pancreas which also helps breakdown carbohydrates

Glucoamylase - An enzyme that is released in the intestines that helps breaks down glucose molecules

Pepsin - A stomach enzyme that helps with protein breakdown

Pancreatic Enzymes (Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase) - Breaks down large polypeptides into small polypeptides and peptides

Lingual Lipase - An enzyme that helps breakdown lipids, one example being triglycerides to fatty acids

Gastric Lipase - An enzyme that breaks down fat in food to be absorbed in the intestines

Pancreatic Ribonuclease and Deoxyribonuclease - Helps breaks down nucleic acids into pentose sugars

Location of Digestion and Absorption of Each Macromolecule

Carbohydrates - They are absorbed and digested in the small intestine

Protein - They are absorbed in the small intestine and are digested in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine

Lipids/Fat - They are absorbed in the small intestine and digested in the stomach/small intestine

Nucleic Acid - They are absorbed and digested in the small intestine

Layers of GI Tract

  1. Mucosa - A tunic layer which lines the lumen; the different layers secretes mucus, digests enzymes/hormones, absorbs end products, and protect against disease
  1. Submucosa - Is composed of areolar connective tissue; contains blood and lymph vessels, follicles, and submucosa nerves plexus supplying GI tissues; has a lot of elastic tissue which helps organs regain shape
  1. Muscularis Externa - The muscle layer which help with segmentation and peristalsis; has inner layers of circular muscle and outer longitudinal layer (circular layer forms sphincters)
  1. Serosa - The outermost layer which is made of visceral peritoneum

Nephron Anatomy and Physiology

Glomerulus - Capillary tufts made of fenestrated endothelial cells; very porous; allows efficient filtrate formation

Bowman's Capsule - A cup-shaped and hollow area that surrounds the glomerulus

Renal Tubule - A single layer of epithelial cells w/ each region having unique function: proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule.

PCI - Cuboidal cells that increase surface area, reabsorbs, and secretes substances

Nephron Loop - The descending limb is the proximal portion made of simple squamous epithelium; the ascending limb is made of cuboidal and columnar epithelium

DCI - Cuboidal cells which focus more on secretion rather than absorption and is confined to the cortex

Collecting Ducts - Consists of two cells called the principal cells (maintain water and Na+ balance) and intercalated cells (cuboidal cells which help maintain acid-base balance)

Physiology - Glomerular filtration happens which is a passive process which hydrostatic pressure forces fluids to go through filtration membrane; tubular reabsorption occurs which the body retains contents into the blood; then tubular secretion happens when reverse reabsorption occurs in the PCT

Disorders of
Digestive/Urinary System

Cholecystitis - An inflammation of the gallbladder; caused by digestive tumors or diet, more common in women; symptoms are sweat, chills, and fever; cured by medication, fasting, and antibiotics

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease - A chronic disease that occurs when the esophageal sphincter relaxes and contents move back into esophagus; caused by obesity, asthma, and smoking; symptoms are chest pain, heartburn, and dry cough; cured by medication, surgery, and prescription drugs

Inflammatory Bowel Disease - A chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation in the digestive tract; causes unknown but may be environmental/genetics; symptoms are cramping, fever, and anemia; cured by medication, antibiotics, and surgery

Peptic Ulcers - Sores that develop in the living of stomach or duodenum; caused by smoking, stress, and alcohol; symptoms are bloating, weight loss, and nausea; cured by lifestyle changes, surgery, and medication

Hemorrhoids (Colon disease 1) - Inflamed veins in the rectum or anus; caused by obesity, pregnancy, or anal intercourse; symptoms are anal pain, itching, and feces leakage; treatment are medication, surgical removal, and injections

Colorectal Cancer (Colon disease 2) - Uncontrolled cell growth in the colon; caused by heredity, lifestyle, or diet; symptoms are bloody stool, fatigue, or bloating; cured by medication, surgery, or chemotherapy

Bladder Cancer - When the cells of the bladder grow out of control; caused by smoking, radiation, and heritage; symptoms are pain while urinating, backpain, pain in lower abdomen; cured by diet, medication, and chemotherapy

Urinary Tract Infection - An abnormal growth of bacteria in the urethra; caused by sexually active women, pregnant women, menopausal women; symptoms are burning when urinating, pain in lower pelvic region, and cloudy urine; cured by antibiotics, phenoazopyridine, and urinalysis

Kidney Stones - Stones that are formed from a high concentration of minerals; caused by high calcium, dehydration, and high uric acid; symptoms include intense need to urinate, sharp pain, and burning feeling; treated by medication, surgery, urindoscopy

Renal Cortex - Granular superficial part of kidneys

Renal Medulla - Deep to cortex, made of cone-shaped medullary pyramids

Papilla - The pyramid tip and points internally

Lobe - The medullary pyramid and surrounding cortical tissue; 8 per kidney

Renal Pelvis - Funnel-shaped tube continuous with ureter

Minor Calyces - Cup areas; collect urine from pyramidal papillae

Major Calyces - Areas collecting from minor calyces; empty urine into the renal pelvis

Ileum - Posteriorly attached by mesentary; joins large intestine at ileocecal valve

Jejunum - Posteriorly attached by the mesentary

Duodenum - Retroperitoneal; curves around the pancreas head and most features