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Beliefs, Religiosity and Social Groups, Criticism, Criticism, Criticism,…
Beliefs
Feminism
Armstrong
Male aggression exhibited through their dominance. Male Gods become increasingly more important- aggressive spirituality monotheism.
De
Beauvoir
Similar to Marx, it oppresses working class women. Compensates women for their 2nd class status and gives women the false belief that it's okay to suffer now as you won't in heaven (equality in society). It confirms social order.
Daly
Christianity is a patriarchal myth, the story eliminated other "goddess religions". It's rooted in male sado-rituals with its form of torture cross symbolism and embodies women hating.
Davie
Women see God as love, comfort and forgiveness, men see as power and control.
Swale
Argued that there was evidence of patriarchy in the Orthodox Jewish faith. Women can't be rabbis
Cohen and Kennedy
Fundamentalist religious values and social practices is a associated with the fear that any real increase in women's freedom of choice. Morality and more is male control. More traditional female role Christian Right/ Nation of Islam Taliban
El
Saadawi
A Muslim feminist but doesn't blame religion itself but the patriarchal domination of religion that came with the development of monotheistic religions. Men interpreted religion in a patriarchal way and use it then as an abuse of power like female circumcision.
Woodhead
Criticises feminist explantation. Excepting that much traditional religion is patriarchal not true of all religion. Religious forms of feminism which women use religion to gain greater freedom and respect. Veil as an example- western feminists tend to see it as oppressive but can be worn as a form of liberation.
Postmodern
Key features
Postmodernity
Consumption, individualism, identity from other sources, family diversity, breakage with tradition, education for what reason, duality of media, global
Modernity
Production, community life, social class, family, a belief, a role in education, one way media, nationhood
Strinati
Reasons for it: 1) emphasis on consumerism like media. 2) New middle class occupations. 3) now disappearance of identities based on things like class.
Baudrillard
Society is based on the buying and selling of knowledge in the forms of images and signs, emphasising the importance of signs as the guiding principle of how society functions. The image and reality lines are blurred. There is a need to discuss the real issues.
Lyotard
All accounts of reality are valid. We should recognise and celebrate the diversity of views. Don't impose one version of the truth.
Globalisation
Really easy to feel that interconnectedness with new technology. Consumers have more power exchange information cross continents. Western companies support others in the western world.
Links
Family
So diverse, loss of faith, people are moving away from the meta narrative of life with long monogamous marriage.
Education
New labour polices, more customised to meet the differing needs.
Religion, Ideology and Science
Science
Kuhn
Social construction
Ideology, conflict
Debate
Powerful
Mannheim
Functionalism
Durkheim
All societies divide the world into two categories the sacred (special) and profane (ordinary). The Arunta Clan used totems to help signify different things as it's easier to place feelings into a thing rather than society. Totem - cross. All these things bring about collective consciousness (collective rituals and worship). Religion expresses common values and beliefs which contribute to integration,
Malinowski
Started with field work on the Trobiand Islands pre literature. He saw religion as reinforcing norms and values while promoting social solidarity. The religious function is for the needs of individuals so we can cope with emotional stress and anxiety. These can cause societal dysfunction and so religious ceremonies are helpful as it can help with the control and confidence is reasserted through them.
Parsons
Human actions were directed and controlled by norms provided by the social system. The cultural system provided general guidelines of beliefs and values. Religion is part of these guidelines seen through the 10 Commandments. The concept of religion also solves the problems to do with the afterlife.
Bellah
Civil Religion- norms and values. He conducted that despite religious differences civil religion is a unified nation like in America. It is about the loyalties that crosses the nation. It doesn't hold the supernatural aspects.
Shills and Young
Civil religion in context of Britain. Events like the Coronation bring the nation together, so is a time for drawing closer the bonds with family and reasserting its solidarity and values.
Globalisation
Fundamentalism
Castells
Two responses to postmodernity. Resistant identity a defensive reaction. Project identity, forward looking and engage with social movements
Bruce
Fundamentalism is confirmed to monotheistic religions and have one set of rules.
Giddens
Globalisation, production to globalisation undermines traditional social norms. Contrast to cosmopolitanism
Davie
Two phrases, the first phase gave rise to religious fundamentalism. The second phase is giving rise to secular fundamentalism.
Cultural Defence
Bruce
Poland, Catholic church was suppressed and it came to symbolise national identity. Iran created the Islamic republic which was a resistance to western capitalism.
Conflict
Huntington and clash of civilisations.
Globalisation increases the contracts between civilisation. Shared religion can create social cohesion. It can cause conflict, creating an us vs them culture. It's the west vs other countries.
Economic Development
Nanda
There is a rapid growth which brought economic success. Hinduism and the values help with economic development and it brought ultra nationalism to India
Redding
East Asian Tigers, successful industrialisation and the spirit of capitalism is strong among Chinese entrepreneur's. There is a cultural encouragement and prioritise different things.
Roles it performs
Reaction to globalisation, cultural defence, clash of civilisations, economic development, more diverse.
Post Modernism
Davie
Religion isn't disappearing but is just changing. Belief without belonging attendance to church is low but that doesn't mean the faith isn't there. It is a vicarious religion. Churches are the new spiritual health service and you got to church for tragedy.
Hervieur - Leger
Decline in institutional religion. Cultural amnesia, less people attending church and parents don't go on to teach faith. We are also spiritual shoppers, don't stick to one religion, collective identity. Religion is now individualised.
Lyon
Religious Market Theory
Existential Security Theory
Religious Organisations and Diversity
NRMS
Relative Deprivation
- STARK AND BAINBRIDGE, we may be deprived of something. the middle class can be well off materially but feel spiritually deprived so break away from churches to form sects which protects the original message
Social Change
- WILSON, sects are a solution for the rapid social change which disrupts and undermines the norms and values found within them
Pragmatic motives
- practical reasons which causes a happier life.
Spiritual void
- Science does not answer all the questions.
Marginality
- WEBER, members are drawn in is poor or oppressed as there is a solution offered to those who feel disprivileged. Offer members an explanation and justification for their suffering and disadvantage with promise of rewards
New Age
Modernity
- BRUCE, people go for a more pick and mix with their faiths while doing some spiritual shopping
Postmodernism-
the popularity of the new age is due to the shift towards post modernism. Science has failed as a metanarative.
Appeal to women
- women are often associated with nature and the healing role in society and so they then celebrate that through healing cults. Men wish to achieve whereas women wish to feel.
Stark and Bainbridge
There is a
sectarian cycle
which is a continuous cycle thats sects complete. Starts off with a schism.
Niebuhr
Sects are generally short lived because it's within a generation. They either die out or compromise with the world so get nothing out of it. The second generation have a lack of commitment unlike their parents who have joined out of their choice. The death of a leader will also break them apart
Wallis
World Affirming NRMS
- there is a lack of conventional features of religion like collective worship. Followers access to spiritual powers, its very optimistic like the Church of Scientology. People join as it's a nice easy way to overcome hardships
World Accommodation NRMS
- it is a breakaway from the existing mainstream churches and denominations like the Neo- Pentecostalist. People like it because it leads to new religious lives.
World Rejecting NRMS-
they are highly critical of the outside world and so they seek radical change for achieving salvation. They have a restricted contact with the outside world.
Marxism
Marx
Religion is both the expression of real distress and the protest against real distress. The working class is alienated and creates a sense pf false class consciousness due to the class divide. This is proved with the Hindu Caste system. F () A () I () L ()
Lenin
Religion is confusing the working class and is keeping them in their place. Religion ultimately keeps the working class from attempting to overthrow capitalism. It is s sense of "Spiritual Gin" as it created a fog that obscures reality.
Althusser
The ideology legitimises inequality, disguising the true nature of inequality. This keeps the working class resigned to their fate as a conservative force.
Neo
Marxists
Billings
Minors and Textile workers both had the same faith and were put under the dame pressures but had different strike activity and inner conflict. Minors had leadership organisations and support on their side that they made a change, They used their faith differently for a better outcome.
Gramsci
He noticed the leadership in Catholic Church and how it served the ruling class. Religion doesn't always have to pass on the dominant ideology. Creating a counter hegemony- like Principle of hope and leadership dominant ideology,
Engles
Make active change that could lead to a revolution. Start at exploitation and end at a source of resistance and change. Christian sects opposing Roman rule to demonstrate the change that could help and then comparing it to the communist and socialist political movement.
Bloch
Principle of hope- our dreams of a better life create a Utopia which can help people see the change needed instead of deceiving people with promised rewards. Dual character- positive and negative. Inspire protest and rebellion as well as inhabit change.
Maduro
Religion does hold some independence from the economic system. The clergy have revolutionary potential voicing the troubles of the oppression. Liberation theory, in which the Latin American Catholic Clergy stood against their higher power and fought back to try and give their surrounding community better lives.
Secularisation
Explanations for
Modernisation (WILSON)
Rationalisation (WEBER)
Technological worldview (BRUCE)
Structural differentiation (PARSONS)
Decline
Church Attendance
Religious Belief
Evidence against
Cultural defence and cultural transition (BRUCE)
Growth of new age beliefs / movements (HEELAS AND WOODHEAD)
Eurocentric (MARTIN)
Pluralism and renewal and fundamentalism
Postmodern
Explanations
Diversity (BERGER)
Social and cultural diversity (WILSON/BRUCE)
Religion as a force for change
Religiosity and Social Groups
Gender
Socialisation and gender role
Risk
Structural locations
Compensation for deprivation
Women as carers
Women and the new age
Age
Voas and Crockett
Generational effect
Ageing effect
Class
Marxism
Neo marxism
Norris and Inglehart
Weber
NRMs, appeal
Ethnicity
Bruce
Cultural defence
Cultural transition
Criticism
Criticism
Criticism
Criticism