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Conservation and Biodiversity - Coggle Diagram
Conservation and Biodiversity
Red List Index for reef-forming corals, birds, mammals, and amphibians. Coral species are moving towards increased extinction risk most rapidly, while amphibians are, on average, the most threatened group.
An RLI value of 1.0 equates to all species qualifying as Least Concern. An RLI value of 0 equates to all species having gone Extinct. A constant RLI value over time indicates that the overall extinction risk for the group is constant.
Extinction
Dodo - Island of Mauritius (South East Africa)
Why did it die? Arrival of Dutch in 1600s, deforestation and invasive species (cats, dogs, rats), Dodo were flightless and had short legs and had no adaptation to avoid predators.
Components of biodiversity
Biological biodiversity has two components. Richness = number of different species present. Evenness = how close in numbers each species is.
Indicator species
An indicator species is an organism whose presence, absence or abundance reflects a specific environmental condition. For example lichen or Caddifly.
Calculating a biotic index
A biotic index is a measure of the health of an ecosystem. Intolerant species score highly, so a clean ecosystem will have a higher biotic index than a polluted ecosystem.
Collect data for Simpson's Diversity Index. 2. Calculate a biotic index
Analysis of the biodiversity of two local communities using Simpson's reciprocal index of diversity.
Geographic features that affect the biodiversity
Large size vs. Small size
Large sites will avoid extinction with unexpected factors like fire or disease. Large sites: more resources and breeding sites.
Edge effect = boundaries between habitats or ecosystems.
At the edge of the forest, there is more sunlight, more wind and less moisture than at the center - decreased population on the edge. Forest fragmentation - split in half by roads or farms. Exception: Cow birds thrives at the edge where it lays its eggs - increase in Cow bird population.
Nature reserves: the edge effect
This describes the boundaries between habitats or ecosystems. One example is the boundary between forestry and cleared or agricultural land. This boundary is not a "wall" - there is a disturbance from the outside which extends into the forest. If the forest is more fragmented and has more edges, more of the forest will be distributed.
Corridors = used to connect isolated populations.
WWF established corridors between 40 isolated panda populations.
Biogeographic factors affect species diversity. General Principles of Nature Reserves (exceptions may exist depending on composition of local wildlife).
Active Management of Endangered Species
Human intervention in conservation of an area.
Techniques: Restoration: restore land to natural state, recovery of threatened species, removal of introduced species, legal production against development or pollution, captive breeding, and reintroduction programs.
Conservation Methods
In situ: Conserve in your own habitat. Advantages: Species remain adapted to their habitat, animals maintain natural behavior pattern, species interact with each other and help to conserve the ecosystem. GPS tagging of whales.
Ex situ: Conserve outside of own habitat. Advantages: Some species become too rare (last chance survival), destruction of natural habitat can be necessary to remove threatened species. Captive breeding of pandas and seed banks store for replanting.
