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Digestive & Urinary System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Mouth
      - Pharynx
        
        Food passes from mouth into oropharynx and then into laryngopharynx
        
        Allows passage of food, fluids and air
        
        external muscle layers consists of 2 skeletal muscle layers
        
        The pharynx and esophagus conduits to pass food through mouth to stomach
      - esophagus
        
        Flat muscular tube that runs from laryngopharnx to stomach
        
        os collapsed when not involved in food propulstion
        
        gastroespophageal (cardiac) spincter surrounds cardial orfice
        
        keeps orfice closed when food is not being swalllowed
        
        mucus cells on both sides of spincter help protect esophagus
      - stomach
      - small intestine
        
        major organ of digestion and absorption
        
        2-4 m long (7-13ft) from pyloris sphincter to ileocal valve, point at which it joins large intestion
        
        subdivisions
        
        Jejunum:- 2.5m (5ft) long; curves around head of pancrease, me=ost features
        
        25.0 cm (10.0in) long; posterior to messenry
        
        Duodenum: mostly retroperitoned
        
        illeum: 3.6 m (12ft) long; attached posteriorly by mesentery; joins large intestine at iloceal valve
        
        absorption:
        
        small intestine's length and other structural modification provide huge surface area for nutrient absorption, surface area is increased 600x to -200m^2 (sized of a tennis court)
        
        Villi: fingerlike projections mucosa (-1mm high) w/ a core that contains dense capillary called lacteal for absorption
        
        Microvilli: cytoplasmic extensions of mucosal cell that give fuzzy appearance called the brush border that contains membrane bound enzymes brush boarder enzymes used for final carbohydrate and protein digestior
      - Large intestine
        
        has 3 unique features not seen elsewhere
        
        Haustra: pocketlike saces caused by tone of teniae coli
        
        Tenaie cli= 3 bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in muscularis
        
        Epiploic appendages: fat filled puches of visceral peritoneum
        
        subdivisions:
        
        Cecum: 1st large part of intestine
        
        Appendix: masses of lymphoid tissue
        
        Bacterial store house capable of recolonizing gut when necessary
        
        twisted shape of appendix makes it susceptible to blockages
        
        Colon: Has several regions most which are retroperotoneal (except for transverse and sigmoid regions
        
        ascending colon: travels up right side of abdominal cavity to level of right kidney
        
        transverse colon: Travels across abdominal cavity
        
        ends in another right angel turn left colic (splenic) flexure
        
        Descending colon: travels down left side of abdominal cavity
        
        Sigmoid colon: Shaped portion that travels through pelvic
        
        Rectum: 3 rectal valves stop feces from being passed with gas (flatus)
      - anus
        
        Last segment of large intestine that openstor body exterior at anus, has 2 sphincter smooth muscle
        
        Ecternal & sphincter skeletal muscle
  - - - chief function is storage of bile
    - - Salivary glands
      - liver
        
        digestive function is storage of bile
      - Pacreas
        
        supplies most of enzymes needed to digest chyme, as well as bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
  - - - lips (labia) composed of fleshy orbicularis oris muscle
      - cheeks: composed of buccinator muscles
      - Labia frenulum: median attachment of lip to gun
    - - Hard palate: formed by palatine bones & palatine processes of maxillae w/ a midline ridge called raphe
      - Soft palate fold formed mostly of skeletal muscles
        
        Closes off nasopharynx during swallowing
        
        uvula: fingerlike projection that faces downward from free edge of soft palate
    - - occupies floor of mouth
      - functions include
        
        gripping, repositioning and mixing of food during chewing
        
        formation of botus, micture of food and saliva
        
        initiation of swallowing, speech and taste
    - - Dissolves food chemicals for taste
      - Moistens food, compacts into bolus
      - cleanses mouth
      - Begins breakdown of starch w/ enzyme amylase
      - composed of 2 type of secretory cells
        
        serous cells: produce watery secretion enzymes, ions, bit of murin
        
        mucous cells: produce mucus
    - - Lie in sockets in gum-covered margins of mandible & maxilla
      - Mastication process of chewing that tears and grinds food into smaller fragments
      - Definition and dental formula
        
        primary dentition consists of 20 deciduous teeth, or milk or baby teeth, that erupt between 6& 24 months of age
        
        32 deep-lying permanent teeth enlarge and develop while roots of milk teeth are reabsorbed from below, causing the to lose and fall out (6-12 years of age)
        
        Teeth are classifies according to shape
        
        cainers: fang like teeth that tear or pierce
        
        Premolars: (bicuspids): broad crowns with rounded cusps used to grind or crush
        
        Incisor: chisel shaped for cutting
        
        molars: broad crowns, rounded cusps: best grinders
        
        During chewing, upper and lower molars lock together, creating tremendous (crushing force)
      - tooth structure: each tooth has 2 more regions
        
        crown: exposed part above gingiva (gum)
        
        covered by enamel, hardest substances in body
        
        Root: portion embedded in jaw bone, connected to crown by neck
- - - - Males: prostate inferior to bladder neck
      - Females: Anterior to vagina & uterus
    - - collapses when empty
      - Rugae appear
      - Expands and rises superiorly during filling w/ out significant rise in internal pressure
      - Moderately full bladder is
        
        12 cm long (5in) and can hold
        
        500 ml (1 pint)
      - can hold twice that amount if necessary but can burst if over distened
  - - - papilla, tip of pyramis, points internally
      - Renal pyramids separated by renal columns inward extensions of cortical tissue
      - Lobe: medullary pyramid & its surrounding cortical tissue & lobes per kidney
      - broad base of pyramid faces cortex
    - - Minor calyces- cup shaped areas that collect urine draining from pyramid papillae
      - Major calcyces: areas that collect urine from minor calcyes
      - Funnel-shaped tube continuous w/ utreter
      - Empty urine onto rena pelvis
      - Urine flow: Renal puramid-> minor calyx-> major calyx-> renal pelvis-> ureter
- - - - together smooth muscle allow stomach not only to churn, mix and move chyme. but also to pumme it which increases pnysical breakdown and ram it into small intestine
    - - consists of simple columnar epithelium entirely composed of mucous cells
        
        secrete 2-layer coat of akaline mucus
        
        surface layer traps bicarbonaterich fluid layer that is beneath it
    - - mucosal barrier protects stomach and is created by 3 factors
        
        thich layer of bicarbonate rich mucus
        
        damaged epithelial cells are quickly replaced by dividion of stern cells
        
        surface cells replaced every 3-6 cells
- - - - 95% is absorbed in small intestine by osmosis
      - Most of rest absorbed in large intestine
      - Net osmosis occures if concentration gradient established by active transports of solutes
      - Water uptake copulated w/ solute uptake
- - - - 2 parts of renal corpuscle
        
        Glomerular capsule: also called Bowman's capsule cup-shaped hallow structure surrounding glomerlus
        
        Glomerulus: tuff of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium
        
        highly porus capillaries
        
        allows effective filtrate formation
        
        filtrate: plasma-derived fluid that renal tubules process to form urine
        
        consists of 2 layers: parietal layer simple squamous eputhelium
        
        visceral layer: clings to glomerular capillaries, branching epitheliual podocytes
        
        Filtration slits between foor processes that cling to basement membrame
        
        Filtration s;its between foot processes allow filtrate to pass into capsular space
        
        Extension terminate in foot processes that cling to basement membrane
    - - 3 cm (12in) long
        
        consist of single layer of epithelial cells, but each region has its own unique histology and function
        
        3 major parts
        
        Proximal convoluted tubule: proximal, closest to renal corpuscle
        
        Also have large mitochondria
        
        Function in reabsorption and secretion
        
        Increase surface area
        
        Confines to cortex
        
        cubodial cells w/ dense microvilli that form brush border
        
        Nephron loop
        
        Descending limb
        
        Proximal part od descending limb is continuous w/ proximal tubule
        
        Distal portion called descending thin limbs simple squamous epithelium
        
        U-shaped structure consisting of 2 lims
        
        Ascending limb
        
        Thick ascending limb, thin nephron
        
        Cubodial or columnar cells
        
        Formerly called loop of Henle
        
        Distal convoluted tubule, distal, farthest from renal corsuscle
        
        Cubodial cells w/ microvilli2 types od intercalated cells
        
        function more in secretion than reabsorption
        
        confined to cortex
        
        collecting duct: 2 cell types
        
        Intercalated cells
        
        cubodial cells w/ abundant microvilli
        
        2 type of intercalated cells
        
        A & B: both help maintain acis-base balance of blood
        
        principal cells
        
        sparse w/ short microvilli
        
        maintain water Na+ balance
        
        Collecting ducts receive filtrate from many nephrons
        
        Run through medullary pyramids
        
        Give pyramids their striped appearance
- - - - surface area is increased 600 times to 200 m^2 (size of a tennis court)
    - - Chyme from stomach contains partially digested carbohydrates and proteins and undigested fats
      - Takes 3-6 hours in small intestine to absorb all butrients and most water
      - Motility of small intestine
        
        after meal- segmentation is most common motion of small intestine
        
        initiated by intristic mixes and moves content toward iteocal valve
        
        Intensity altered by longer short refleced and hormones, parasympatheic increases motility; symphatic decreases it
        
        Between meals
        
        peristalsis increase, initiated by rise in hormone motilin in late intestinal phase (every 90-120 minutes
        
        meal remnats bacter abd debrus are moved toward large intestine
        
        COmplete trip from dudodenum to ileum takes -2 hours
    - - consists of 1000+ different type of bacteria, outnumbered our own cells 10 to 1
      - Metabloiic fucntions
        
        Fermentation: Ferment indigestable carbohydrates and mucin
        
        Vitamin synthesis: synthesizes B complex needed by liver to produce clotting factors
        
        Release ittiating acids and gases (-500 ml/day)